英語訳
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designation, not real existing nature. This conventional designation is precisely that the five aggregates and various dharmas transformed by consciousness are not form yet resemble form, not mind yet resemble mind. This resemblance is precisely conventional dharmas. However, all foolish beings, from beginningless time, have been deluded by this resemblance and grasp it as solid, real form, sound, smell, etc. Calling their emotional understanding, they speak words of form, sound, smell, taste, etc. This is precisely the dharmas spoken of by the world. The Great Sage had compassion for this, realized this illusoriness, relied on substance through meaning, and then spoke of various dharmas like form and sound, etc. This is called the dharmas spoken of by the sacred teachings. Therefore, all dharmas are conventionally existent but really nonexistent. Not realizing conventional existence gives rise to the attachment of diminishment; not realizing real nonexistence gives rise to the attachment of reification. If one deeply contemplates this, one should not reify or diminish. If one attains the middle [way], both emptiness and existence are discarded, and the four propositions and hundred negations all completely perish. Pointing to this signlessness is called dharma-emptiness. The true principle revealed with this emptiness as the gate—its essence is not empty. The path of verbal designation is cut off; this is called suchness. This suchness is subtle and beyond the reach of discrimination. This is precisely the ultimate meaning of dharma-emptiness that transcends verbal designation. The previous gate of personal emptiness is precisely one gate of expedient means within this emptiness. That suchness is precisely one aspect of this suchness. The suchness revealed by these two emptinesses is precisely the unconditioned among the hundred dharmas mentioned earlier. This revealing emptiness is precisely what we now call the two emptinesses. Emptiness is not mere emptiness. That both emptiness and existence are empty and nonexistent—this is what we now call emptiness. Being precisely the middle way, there are no [characteristics like] unity, difference, both, neither, etc. Like sky-flowers, etc., nature and characteristics are completely absent. This complete absence is precisely this emptiness. This should be deeply contemplated. Question: If so, doesn't what you said earlier—naming dharma-emptiness through absence of intrinsic nature—contradict this? Because absence of intrinsic nature could be called mere emptiness. Answer: Who said that absence of intrinsic nature is the nothingness of mere negation? Though it blocks natural nature, it completely does not obstruct creation by others. Because it does not obstruct creation by others, it is a nothingness that does not separate from dependent origination. Those dependently originated dharmas are precisely conventional
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existence. Since it is the absence of intrinsic nature that does not separate from conventional existence, although we speak of absence of intrinsic nature, it is not the nothingness of one-sided negation. It is the naturelessness where both the characteristics of existence and nonexistence are unobtainable. The complete emptiness of prajñā is precisely this meaning. Question: Are the two types of conventionality—conventional self and conventional dharmas—equal in meaning? Answer: Though conventional dharmas are conventional, their substance is precisely dharmas. Though conventional self is called self, it is actually not self. It is truly a similar aspect of dharma-function. Due to this meaning, speaking from the ultimate truth, there are only conventional dharmas and absolutely no self-characteristics. Therefore, conventional self has an even greater degree of conventionality. Though increased, it is also not completely without similarity. If one rejects this, it is also a great wrong view. People with one-sided attachments would probably find this difficult to understand. Question: Are the meanings of these two types of selflessness—dharma-selflessness and personal selflessness—equal? Answer: Speaking of "self" means precisely the meaning of autonomy and sovereignty. Even if it is dharma-self, how could one completely abandon this? However, with personal self, this meaning is further increased and its characteristics are extremely evident. With the aspect of dharma-self meaning, this meaning is subtle and its characteristics are deeply hidden. The reason for this is that the individual dharma-substances of form, sound, smell, etc., like illusions arising through conditions, are originally not autonomous. However, their illusory regulating substantial functions arise moment by moment, continue in succession, and subtly resemble having a natural thing—what is called "not form yet resembling form," etc. Being deluded by this aspect and grasping really existing dharmas like form and sound, etc., is called dharma-self view. This aspect is separate from directly saying "permanent, unitary, autonomous self." The five faculties, five sense-objects, mind, mental factors, etc., are each separate, and their illusory resembling autonomous power is extremely subtle and hidden. When these dharmas combine and together accomplish, those individual functions mutually support each other, extremely resembling having one entity that does not depend on multiple conditions, permanently abiding for a long time, independently existing through its own power, decisively autonomous with strong and superior威力. Being deluded by this aspect and grasping really existing people, animals, etc., is called personal self-
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view. This aspect is precisely the supremely increased self of permanence, unity, and autonomy. Therefore, the two types of self are not equal. Question: Are all consciousness-only contemplations dharma-emptiness contemplations? Are all dharma-emptiness contemplations consciousness-only contemplations? Answer: All dharma-emptiness contemplations are consciousness-only contemplations. Not all consciousness-only contemplations are dharma-emptiness contemplations. Why? Because there are personal-emptiness consciousness-only contemplations. Question: If so, are all personal-emptiness contemplations consciousness-only contemplations? Answer: There are personal-emptiness contemplations that are not consciousness-only contemplations—namely, the personal-emptiness contemplations of the two vehicles. Question: If the pure personal-emptiness contemplations cultivated by bodhisattvas are consciousness-only, what is their meaning? Answer: Both conventional self and conventional dharmas depend on consciousness-transformation. Therefore, they are all consciousness-only. This is as described above and completed. What consciousness transforms are the two aspects of object and perceiver. The meaning of the four aspects is as explained below.
Establishment of the Four Aspects
Question: Do the objects of the eight consciousness-kings and various mental factors—do they have separate substances outside the perceiving [consciousness]? If you say yes, this could contradict consciousness-only. If not, what is their substance? If they are precisely mind, since cognition and non-cognition have separate substances and functions, how are they precisely mind? If, though separate, they are still precisely mind, this principle is most difficult. It probably cannot be obtained. Answer: All objects are functions of one's own mind. The myriad conditioned dharmas have no substance outside mind. Generally speaking, mind is the dharma of cognitive awareness. If there were nothing to be known, what would be known as mind? Since this principle of dependent origination is inevitable, when mind and mental factors arise, the self-substance transforms to become the function of what is cognized and relied upon. This function of what is cognized serves as the immediate object-condition. This is called the object-aspect. Once the object-aspect manifests, there is definitely a perceiving function that cognizes it. This is called the perceiving-aspect. Once the perceiving-aspect arises, there is definitely an inner cognizing function that knows it. This function is called the self-witnessing aspect. Once this function arises, there is also definitely a function that knows
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it—an inner cognizing function. This function is called the witnessing-self-witnessing aspect. Once this function arises, there is also definitely an inner cognizing function that knows it. This returns to the previous self-witnessing aspect. Since the mental aspects are already the same, they should all be witnessed. In this way, the witnessing-cognition and its functions are fulfilled. Therefore, the self-witnessing aspect cognizes the perceiving-aspect and the fourth aspect. Hence, a fifth aspect is not established. Such subtle principle can be completely established. Though mind and objects differ in being cognitive and non-cognitive, they are all functions of one mind, illusory and false. Therefore, the consciousness-only doctrine can be established. Explaining the meaning further: if mind were solid and real, it would be difficult for mind to transform into objects. If objects were solid and real, it would also be difficult for them to become internal to mind. Since all dharmas arise from mind and are all like dream-objects, being illusory, cognition and non-cognition have no real grasper and grasped. What could be grasped as external to mind? Therefore, everything is consciousness-only. Question: If mind, being a knowable dharma, transforms to become objects, and objects, also being knowable dharmas, transform to become mind, then even if object-substances exist outside mind, when mind arises and cognizes them, the dharma of cognitive awareness is accomplished. Why must mind-substance necessarily transform to become objects? Next, even if aspects manifest, self-witnessing can directly cognize them. Why necessarily arise perceiving-aspect functions—what profound principle is there? Next, even if perceiving-aspects arise, mind and object as two are already sufficient. Why must one also establish self-witnessing aspects outside of perceiving-aspects? Even if self-witnessing aspects are established, since perceiving-aspects generally cognize internally, three aspects could be sufficient. Why must a fourth be established? Following the example that because self-witnessing aspects cognize perceiving and witnessing-self-witnessing, a fifth is not established. Next, since objects are knowable, mind definitely cognizes them. This certainly has its principle. Those latter three aspects are all distinctions within the cognizing. Why forcefully know perceiving and even also know witnessing-self-witnessing? If one does not know, what fault is there? Next, if self-witnessing aspects are also mind-functions, then the four aspects all become functions. What serves as mind-substance? Indeed, consciousness-only means there are no separate dharmas outside mind. Establishing only one mind should be