英語訳
## Right Page (Final Page of "Hossō-shū Shoshin Ryakuyō, Lower Volume")
### Five Levels of Consciousness-Only (*Gojū Yuishiki*) — Continued
This is called *yuanjcheng shixing* (圓成實性, "perfected nature" / *ennjō jisshō*). Now, these two natures — dependent nature (*paratantra*, 依他起性) and perfected nature (*pariniṣpanna*, 圓成實性) — are not as conceived by ordinary beings. Ordinary beings cling to self and dharmas as truly existent; yet the two natures within the mind are not real self or real dharmas. Others dismiss both phenomena and principle as entirely nonexistent (*都無*); yet the two natures within the mind are not entirely nonexistent either. The term "one-sided" (*hen*, 偏) here refers to: before the mistaken attachment to one-sided emptiness, what appears as a one-sided aspect of existence (*henū-sō*) or a one-sided aspect of emptiness (*henkū-sō*) manifested to one's awareness — these are taken as dharmas external to the mind, and are precisely the *parikalpita* (遍計所執, "imagined nature"). They are merely thought up by the deluded mind and have no substance whatsoever. In this way, one removes the attachments to both one-sided extremes and preserves the dependent and perfected [natures] within the one mind. This is called the *Consciousness-Only of Removing the Illusory and Preserving the Real* (遣虛存實唯識).
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### Level Two: *Consciousness-Only of Discarding the Overlapping and Retaining the Pure* (捨濫留純唯識)
In the previous level, one contemplates that both phenomena and principle are not separate from consciousness. Yet within this inner consciousness, there is both object (*kyō*, 境) and mind (*shin*, 心). Since the arising of mind necessarily depends on an inner object, it would also be appropriate to say "only object" (*yuikyō*, 唯境) if one were to fold mind back into object. However, only "consciousness-only" (*yuishiki*, 唯識) is taught, not "object-only." Consciousness (*shiki*, 識) is exclusively internal; object (*kyō*, 境) extends to the external as well. "External" refers precisely to the imagined nature (*parikalpita*). Within the imagined, there is the aspect of the perceiver (*nōshu-sō*, 能取相); although it resembles something outside the mind, it is entirely imagined — thus the object of cognition (*shoen*, 所緣) is subsumed and collectively treated as "external object." Therefore, "object" extends outward. If one were to say "object of consciousness-only," there would be a risk of conflating it with external objects. The substance of mind is pure and complete; by calling it "consciousness-only," there is no confusion whatsoever. In this way, among the objects within the mind, one discards that which overlaps with [external] objects and retains only the pure inner mind, contemplating it as "consciousness-only." This is called the *Consciousness-Only of Discarding the Overlapping and Retaining the Pure*.
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### Level Three: *Consciousness-Only of Subsuming the Branches into the Root* (攝末歸本唯識)
In the previous second level, the pure inner mind was preserved as "consciousness-only." Although the name and concept of "the object of consciousness-only" was discarded, the inner object of consciousness-only is not nonexistent. This inner object is called the *aspect* (*nimitta-bhāga*, 相分). The function of perceiving (*cakṣur-vijñāna* aspect, 能緣之用) directed at this *nimitta-bhāga* is called the *perceiving aspect* (*darśana-bhāga*, 見分). These two functions — the perceiving and the perceived aspects — both exist depending on the substance of mind (*ātma-bhāga*, 心體). Separated from the self-witnessing (*svāsaṃvitti*, 識自體), the two functions which are derivative cannot exist. Therefore, one subsumes the derivative aspects of the perceived (*nimitta*) and the perceiver (*darśana*) and returns to the fundamental self-substance (*ātma-bhāga*), taking *self-witnessing division* (*svasaṃvitti-bhāga*, 自證分) as "consciousness-only." This is called the *Consciousness-Only of Subsuming the Branches into the Root*.
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### Level Four: *Consciousness-Only of Concealing the Inferior and Manifesting the Superior* (隠劣顕勝唯識)
In the previous third level, within [the process of] subsuming function and returning to substance, there is *citta* (心王, "mind-king") and *caitasika* (心所, "mental factors"). The substance of *citta* is excellent; the substance of *caitasika* is inferior, as [the latter] arises in dependence on the former. Therefore, one conceals the inferior mental factors and manifests the superior mind-king as "consciousness-only." This is called the *Consciousness-Only of Concealing the Inferior and Manifesting the Superior*.
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### Level Five: *Consciousness-Only of Removing Characteristics and Realizing the Nature* (遣相証性唯識)
In the previous fourth level, within the concealing of the inferior and the manifesting of the superior, there is the consciousness of illusory *paratantra* nature (依他起識) and there is the consciousness of *pariniṣpanna* nature (圓成實性識). The consciousness of dependent nature (*paratantra*) is phenomenal (*ji*, 事); the consciousness of perfected nature (*pariniṣpanna*) is principial (*ri*, 理). Regarding these two kinds of mind — phenomenal and principial — since the phenomenal aspect is a matter of function, one removes it and does not cling to it; since the principial nature is a matter of substance, one realizes it as "consciousness-only." This is called the *Consciousness-Only of Removing Illusory Characteristics and Realizing the Nature*. These are called the Five Levels of Consciousness-Only — established by the Great Master (*Daishi*, i.e., Kuiji/Cien Dashi) by drawing on various scriptural teachings.
*Question:* What are the proof-texts for the Five Levels? *Answer:* They should be recited according to the Five Levels section.
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## Left Page (Opening of "Zoku Hossō-shū Shoshin Ryakuyō, Lower Volume")
**Title:** *Zoku Hossō Shoshin Ryakuyō, Volume Below* (Annotation: One source says this is the "Kasagi御草, lower volume." The upper volume is not extant.)
### On the Four Divisions (*Shibun*, 四分)
The wondrous principle of the Four Divisions is the profound foundation of Consciousness-Only and the ultimate source of Hossō doctrine. Students should pay close attention to this. We shall now discuss it in relation to the *ālayavijñāna* (阿頼耶識, storehouse consciousness). That is to say: this mind [i.e., the ālayavijñāna] is a direct perception (*pratyakṣa*, 現量) and therefore free from conceptual discrimination. Yet since it is already a dharma of cognitive awareness (*ryochi*, 慮知), there must be an object of cognitive awareness. If there were no object of awareness, how could it be mind at all? Since it is already mind, when it arises, it necessarily bears the function of the object of cognition (*ālambana*, 所緣). Since it bears the function of the object of cognition, the mind gives rise to the function of the cognizing subject (*nōen*, 能緣). Since it gives rise to the function of cognizing, it can know the object of cognition. Since [the object] is the object of the cognizing function, it transcends the cognizing function — the self-substance does not cognize it [directly]. Since [the self-substance] is already the self-substance, it can in turn know its own cognizing function. If it could not know anything, it could not be the substance of cognitive awareness. Therefore, although it knows its own cognizing function in this way, since it cannot in turn know the self-substance — and if it could not know [the self-substance], the function of mind would still be unsatisfied — it must also give rise to the function of knowing the self-substance. As for this function of knowing the self-substance, the self-substance again in turn knows it. The function of mind is here fully satisfied — neither increasing nor diminishing. The function of the object of cognition is called the *aspect* (*nimitta-bhāga*, 相分). "*Aspect*" (相) means "form" or "appearance." This comprises the three kinds of objects: seeds (*bīja*, 種子), the five sense organs (*pañcendriya*, 五根), and the receptacle world (*bhājana-loka*, 器界).
"Seeds" refers to the direct conditions (*adhipati-pratyaya*, 親因縁) of all dharmas — both originally present seeds (*honnu*, 本有) and directly perfumed seeds (*shinkun*, 親熏). All conditioned actual dharmas arise from these. The "five sense organs" are the body (*āśraya*, 依身) of sentient beings — the primary faculties (*shōkon*, 正根) and supporting faculties (*fukon*, 扶根) considered together. The primary faculties are subtle and are known inferentially through their function of producing consciousness and apprehending objects. The supporting faculties are the entire body from head to sole, from skin to marrow — all bodily parts, the six viscera, five organs, and so forth. The "receptacle world" includes land, mountains and seas, dwellings, clothing, food and drink, and all external objects.
Although these supporting faculties and the receptacle world seem boundless, speaking in terms of ultimate reality, they are precisely the five sense-objects (*pañca-viṣaya*, 五塵): form (*rūpa*, 色), sound (*śabda*, 声), odor (*gandha*, 香), taste (*rasa*, 味), and tangible (*spraṣṭavya*, 觸). The tangible objects, although seemingly innumerable, speaking in terms of ultimate reality, are precisely the four primary elements (*catvāri mahā-bhūtāni*, 四大種): earth, water, fire, and wind.
Now, these four great primary elements are not the great earth, flowing water, and so on that the worldly eye perceives. Within all colored matter: the solid part is called *earth-element*, the moist part is called *water-element*, the warm part is called *fire-element*, and the moving part is called *wind-element*. These four great [elements] are called "the creators" (*nōzō*, 能造); the five sense-objects such as form are called "the created" (*shozō*, 所造) [Note: The created tangibles include things like smoothness and moisture]. Since each and every sense-object is created by the four great elements, the great earth and so forth visible to the worldly eye is not the real four great elements. Within earth and stones, four sense-objects are present together; when a sound is produced, five sense-objects are present together. Each individual sense-object is created by the four great elements respectively.
To give a particular example: in a given patch of earth, its color is yellow. Within this yellow color, the properties of solidity, moisture, warmth, and movement are all present. Its solidity is the real earth element; (*and so on*) its movement is the real wind element. This patch of earth also has odor, has taste, and has [tangible qualities such as] smoothness and roughness. Every single one is created by the four great elements. In the same way, in the flowing water, fire flames, and violent winds that the worldly eye perceives, each and every one has five sense-objects; and each and every sense-object has the four great elements — hence, within fire there is water, and within water there is fire. However, since one particular [element] is dominant, the name "great earth" and so on is given according to the dominant function: in earth and stones the function of solidity predominates; in flowing water the function of moisture predominates; in fire flames the function of warmth predominates; in violent winds the function of movement predominates. This should be understood. Concerning the receptacle world and the personal body in this way: when one seeks out the dharma-substance, there is no difference between the body and receptacle of good destinies (*sugati*, 善趣) and evil destinies (*durgati*, 悪趣) — they are equally the five sense organs and five sense-objects. However…