英語訳
## Right Page (Zoku Hossō-shū Shoshin Ryakuyō, Lower Volume — Section 2)
### [Upper Section]
Due to [beings'] previous karma, the qualities of good or bad, coarse or fine, and so forth differ greatly [from one realm to another]. That is to say, the body and environment of the heavens are especially fine and wondrous — this is because of superior wholesome karma from previous lives; (*and so on down to:*) the body and environment of hell are especially coarse and wretched — this is because of heavy evil karma from previous lives. The detailed and minute appearances thereof, one by one, are all conditioned by differentiations of karmic power from previous lives. One should apply and reflect upon these with reference to the corresponding characteristics of the ten good and ten evil [karmas]. All such innumerable appearances are functions (*yō*, 用) arising from the transformation of the self-substance division (*ātma-bhāga*, 自體分) of the ālayavijñāna. *(The above concerns the ālayavijñāna's aspect-division [nimitta-bhāga, 相分].)*
Now, the function of cognizing (*nōen-no-yō*, 能緣之用) of this self-substance is called the *perceiving division* (*darśana-bhāga*, 見分). "*Ken*" (見) means the function of seeing and illuminating. With regard to the perceiving division, the three modes of cognition (*sanryō*, 三量) differ. The three modes are: direct perception (*genjō*, 現量, *pratyakṣa*), inferential cognition (*hiryō*, 比量, *anumāna*), and erroneous cognition (*hiryō*, 非量, *abhūtaparikalpa*). Direct perception is the mind that, free from all conceptual discrimination such as names and categories, directly apprehends the particular characteristics (*svalakṣaṇa*, 自相) of an object. Inferential cognition is the mind that is able to infer and know a given meaning by means of a correct logical method possessing the three characteristics (*trairūpya*, 三相) [as explained in *Hetuvidyā* / *Inmyō* (因明, Buddhist logic) — a reason (*hetu*) must have the three characteristics]. Erroneous cognition is the mind of mistaken knowledge. An example: when clouds move westward, the moon appears to be moving eastward. A foolish person seeing this genuinely thinks the moon is moving east. Such cases belong to this category. The second type, *quasi-inferential cognition* (*ji-hiryō*, 似比量), is the mind that erroneously draws inferences based on faulty logic in which the three characteristics are deficient or incomplete. This, too, has two subtypes: (1) *erroneous cognition accompanied by attachment* (*shūshin-hiryō*, 執心非量) — this is the mind directly associated with the two attachments to self (*ātmagrāha*, 我執) and to dharmas (*dharmagrāha*, 法執); and (2) *erroneous cognition not accompanied by attachment* (*fushū-hiryō*, 非執非量) — though not a mind of attachment, through the habituated tendencies of ordinary beings, there is always some mistaken understanding, such as the spontaneous appearance of "the thought of a real object" when seeing a jar or a garment. The long-enduring mind of people such as ourselves broadly corresponds to this category.
Among these three modes of cognition, the perceiving division of the ālayavijñāna is a direct-perception perceiving division — its mode of cognition is the same as that of the self-substance. *(The above concerns the ālayavijñāna's perceiving division [darśana-bhāga].)*
The self-substance's turning back to know its own cognizing function is called the *self-witnessing division* (*svāsaṃvitti-bhāga*, 自證分). "*Shō*" (證) means the function of witnessing and knowing. The self-substance's further knowing of the self-substance's function is called the *witness-of-self-witnessing division* (*svasaṃvittisakṣin-bhāga*, 證自證分). It is all as stated thus. (*[Note: The three characters "皆如是" (it is all as stated) are probably a scribal interpolation.] The above concerns the latter two divisions of the ālayavijñāna.*)
### [Lower Section]
In this way, in each of the eight consciousnesses, each individual consciousness has four divisions. The latter two divisions [self-witnessing and witness-of-self-witnessing] are both cases of direct perception. Each aspect-division cognizes the self-witnessing division; each cognizes the perceiving division. Their characteristics are likewise not different. Therefore, we shall not discuss them in detail here. As for the perceiving division and aspect division, there are differences among the various consciousnesses, and so we shall explain the general outline.
**Perceiving and Aspect Divisions of the *Manas* consciousness (末那識)**
First, regarding the aspect division of the *manas* consciousness: when the self-substance division of the *manas* arises from its own seeds (*sva-bīja*, 自種), it is by the nature of things (*hōni*, 法爾) that it necessarily takes the perceiving division of the ālayavijñāna as its object. Therefore, the self-substance transforms and gives rise to a function resembling the reflected image (*chōmetsu*, 影像) of the ālayavijñāna's perceiving division. Although this resembles the cognizing function of the ālayavijñāna, since it is in reality the object-function (*shoen-no-yō*, 所緣之用) of the *manas*, it is not a cognitive act of awareness (*enryo*, 緣慮) [in the proper sense]. This is called the aspect division of the *manas*. When the aspect division is already manifest, the function of cognizing it must arise. This is called the perceiving division of the *manas*.
This perceiving division is at all times a case of erroneous cognition (*hiryō*, 非量). Why is this? Because all classes of ordinary beings, from beginningless time, have continuously turned [in saṃsāra] in a state of delusion, never once awakening. Even though wholesome minds such as generosity (*dāna*) may arise among the six consciousnesses, in the depths of the mind there is always the dark and ceaseless clinging of self (*ātman*) cognized as self (*ātman*). This is the power of the *manas* consciousness. Although it differs from the strong conceptual discrimination of the sixth consciousness, it harbors a subtle, sunken, and concealed self-attachment. Since it has long attached [what is] not-self and not-dharma [as if it were] "self," its perceiving division is at all times entirely erroneous cognition. "Not-self dharmas" (非我之法) refers to all dharmas, for all dharmas are without self (*anātman*). Among these, the present discussion of the *manas* object concerns the perceiving division of the eighth [ālayavijñāna] consciousness. Regarding this self-grasping directed at "self": it consists in being deluded by [the ālayavijñāna's] resemblance to something permanent, unitary, and sovereign (*nitya-eka-adhipati*, 常一主宰), and clinging to it as a real permanent, unitary, and sovereign [self].
What is meant by "resemblance"? The ālayavijñāna has, from beginningless time, continued in a single unbroken stream without ever pausing even for a moment. Throughout transmigration across the three realms and five destinies (*gati*, 趣), though the body and environment change in terms of coarseness and fineness from realm to realm, [the ālayavijñāna] is solely neutral and unobscured (*anivṛtāvyākṛta*, 無覆無記), solely associated with equanimity (*upekṣā*, 捨受), and never changing whatsoever. Such characteristics closely resemble "permanence" and "unity."
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## Left Page (Zoku Hossō-shū Shoshin Ryakuyō, Lower Volume — Section 3)
### [Upper Section]
[The ālayavijñāna] serves as the root of all conditioned dharmas (*saṃskṛta*, 有為) and universally produces all dharmas. The sense-faculties and body (*mūla-kāya*, 根身) and the receptacle world (*bhājana-loka*, 器界) are all transformations of this consciousness. Such characteristics closely resemble [those of] a "sovereign master" (*adhipati*, 主宰). Yet precisely because they are merely *resemblances*, [the ālayavijñāna] is not in reality permanent, unitary, or a sovereign master. The reason it is not so: it arises and ceases moment by moment with extraordinary rapidity — even a torrential flood or a flash of lightning cannot be compared to it [in rapidity] (the phrase "continually flowing like a torrent" [describes this]). Even the dharma of the preceding moment does not persist to reach the next moment and is still unobtainable. How much more so over extended time! How could such a thing be permanent and unitary?
Since it arises in dependence on many other conditions, it is not in reality a "root" [of things]. Since it has no real agency or power of action, how could such a thing be a "sovereign master"? When one considers what truly subsists in it, [one finds] it is a matter of the perfected nature (*pariniṣpanna*) — a dream-like illusory phenomenal appearance. This illusory [appearance] is precisely the characteristic of appearing-as-self and appearing-as-dharma. With regard to this non-self thing that merely resembles self — (since "self" carries the meaning of permanent, unitary, and sovereign) — one is deluded into thinking it is a real self. Therefore, [the perceiving division] is erroneous cognition.
Since the object continues without interruption, apart from [situations where] there is no inducing power of the pure (*anāsrava*, 無漏) [wisdom] of the sixth consciousness, the self-grasping cognition of self never ceases. Therefore, the inner self-attachment within the *manas* consciousness of all ordinary beings is entirely the same. *(The above concerns the four divisions of the manas consciousness.)*
**Aspect Division of the Sixth Consciousness (第六識)**
Next, regarding the aspect division of the sixth consciousness. The range of objects for this consciousness-substance (*shikitai*, 識体) is boundless. Touching upon conditions at each moment, it cognizes all manner of objects. At some times, together with the five sense consciousnesses, it relies upon the five sense faculties and cognizes the five sense objects (cognizing one, two, up to all five sense objects — not uniform). At other times, after the five sense consciousnesses [have ceased], it arises [to cognize] the preceding moment's five sense objects and engages in discrimination. At yet other times, it arises alone (*dokutō*, 獨頭, "independent mental consciousness") and, as appropriate, cognizes five aggregates (*skandha*, 五蘊) and other things not currently present before one. Within this "independent" [mode], at some times it cognizes various mental phenomena (*citta*) and mental factors (*caitasika*) as appropriate; at some times it cognizes apparent objects (*ji-kyō*, 似境) like reflections in mirrors or moons in water; at some times it cognizes past events; at some times it imagines future appearances; at some times it cognizes nonexistent dharmas like hairs on a tortoise (*kūrma-roma*) or horns on a rabbit (*śaśa-viśāṇa*); at some times it constructs all manner of dream-states. Classes such as these are inexhaustible to enumerate.
At each and every such time, corresponding to each and every such thing, the own-mind's self-substance transforms and, as appropriate, manifests each corresponding image: long, short, square, round [these are relative (*pratītyasamutpanna*) constructs upon form-proper] (*kengyoku no jōtai-ke*, 顯色上相待假); smooth, moist, coarse, fine, etc. [positional constructs upon the four great elements] (*shidai no jōi-ke*, 四大之上分位假) — these appear in resemblance upon real form. When cognizing real form, [the sixth consciousness] distinguishes its characteristics but does not separately transform an aspect division. When cognizing things like "tortoise hair," even though there is no original substrate (*honjichi*, 本質) whatsoever, an aspect division appears in resemblance. The various reflected images (*kage*, 影) thus transformed [Note: "緣" (ken) may be a scribal error for "像" (image)] — these are called the "aspect division" (*nimitta-bhāga*). When the aspect division is already manifest, the function of cognizing it must arise. This is called the "perceiving division."
Now, the three modes of cognition of this perceiving division are not fixed. At some times it is direct perception (*genjō*, 現量) — namely, the perceiving division of the *five-accompanied mental consciousness* (*gogu-ishiki*, 五俱意識) that cognizes the five [sense objects] co-extensively. At some times it is [comparative] inferential cognition (*hiryō*, 比量) [Note: the character 皆 ("all") is probably a scribal error for 比 ("inferential")] — namely, the perceiving division of the independent mental consciousness that infers and knows the meaning of dharmas and so forth through correct logical method possessing the three characteristics. At some times it is erroneous cognition (*hiryō*, 非量) — namely, the perceiving division of the independent mental consciousness, whether with or without attachment, cognizing non-corresponding [dharmas] and so forth.
Regarding whether these three perceiving divisions [of the sixth consciousness] arise simultaneously or not, there are divergent opinions among earlier masters. According to one interpretation, one may say there are times when they arise simultaneously: for instance, while the five-accompanied mental consciousness is operating, there are moments when it additionally cognizes various other matters, and at such times it is possible for the three modes of cognition to arise together. This is called the "perceiving division of the sixth consciousness."
**Aspect Division of the Five Sense Consciousnesses (五識)**
Next, regarding the aspects of the five [sense] consciousnesses. The eye consciousness, being such that by the nature of things (*hōni*, 法爾) it takes the five sense objects transformed by the eighth [ālayavijñāna] consciousness as its object, when this consciousness's own substance arises, it transforms and manifests reflected images of form-objects (*rūpa-viṣaya*, 色塵) [— blue, yellow, red, white, or sometimes one, or two up to four [colors] cognized simultaneously, varying with circumstances and not fixed]. This is called the "aspect division." When the aspect division has already arisen, the function of cognizing it arises. This is called the "perceiving division." This perceiving division is necessarily direct perception (*pratyakṣa*), arising spontaneously without conceptual discrimination, ably according (*chōkyō*, 稱境) with the particular characteristics of the object. This consciousness necessarily takes the illuminating capacity of the eye-faculty (*cakṣur-indriya*, 眼根) as its gate, and definitively cognizes form-objects (*rūpa-viṣaya*, 色塵). Corresponding to the four manifest colors (*abhivyakta-rūpa*, 顯色) such as blue and yellow, the number of perceiving divisions is not fixed. When cognizing one [color], there is one perceiving division; when cognizing two, there are two perceiving divisions; and so on up to cognizing four, at which point there are four perceiving divisions. The remaining four [sense] consciousnesses follow the same pattern.