英語訳
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【Outside frame, upper right horizontal】Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror — Great Elements and Derived Forms Chapter
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[Continued from previous page] — and the question arises therefrom. This is [based on] what the *Mahāvibhāṣā* [fascicle] one hundred twenty-seven [folio 8 recto] says: "Question: Does a single set of four great elements (*catur-mahābhūta*, 四大種) produce only one ultimate atom (*paramāṇu*, 極微) of derived form (*bhautika*, 造色), or can it produce many? If it produces only one, how is it that [the situation of] four causes and one effect is not [problematically] established? [A situation in which] causes are many and effects are few is not doctrinally appropriate. If it can produce many, then with one set of four great elements, there would be many ultimate atoms of derived form (*rūpa*). How could it be [the case] that [these atoms,] in their mutual dependency, are not the co-arising cause (*sahabhū-hetu*, 俱有因) [for each other]? (End of treatise text.)"
*Explanation*: [The treatise] gives a detailed answer to this question, as is broadly expounded therein. Here [in this chapter], that text is borrowed [as the basis] to raise the question concerning the Mahāyāna doctrine of one or many [great elements] producing [derived forms].
From the text "Answer: [It is because they] mutually depend and [only thus] exist that [something] is called 'produced [form]'" to "...hence it is named 'produced [form]'" — This is precisely where the chapter's author, relying on the text of the *Saṃgrahaṇī* (*Jué zé fēn*, 決擇分 section), proves his own doctrinal position. In the present Mahāyāna position, [something] is named "produced form" (*zào*, 造) only when [great elements and derived forms] mutually depend (*xiāng yī*, 相依) and [thus] exist — it is not required that ultimate atoms each separately dwell [apart from each other]. Therefore, [whether there is] a single thing in which there are many great elements, or within a mass (*saṃcaya*, 聚) of many things there is only a single great element, in all [such configurations] they can mutually produce [derived forms]. From this it should be understood that: [a case in which] one set of four great elements (*sì dà*, 四大) produces one derived form (*zào sè*, 造色); or many sets of four great elements produce one derived form; or again, many sets of four great elements produce many derived forms; or one set of four great elements produces many derived forms — all of these are doctrinally unproblematic. The reason for this is that [something] is named "produced form" only when [elements] mutually depend and [thus] exist. How can one know that [something is] named "produced form" only when [elements] mutually depend and [thus] exist? "[Because] the *Saṃgrahaṇī* section states [thus], etc." — this cites the text as evidence. This is precisely the text from the *Yogācārabhūmi* fascicle fifty-four [folio 15 recto], the section on the *Saṃgrahaṇī*-portion (*Jué zé fēn*, 摂決択分) pertaining to the ground of the five sense-consciousnesses (*pañcavijñānakāyasaṃprayukta*) and the ground of mental consciousness (*manobhūmi*). Hence that text says: "Furthermore, when the form-aggregate (*rūpaskandha*, 色蘊) arises, what is the foremost [i.e., what arises first]? Based on a given location, does the remaining form [arise] depending on that location? One should understand [as follows]: the great elements first occupy (*jù*, 据) the location, and afterward the remaining derived forms (*bhautika*, 造色) arise (*zhuǎn*, 転) depending on that location.
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(End of treatise text.)" The chapter author's (*Kuiji's*) *Ga-shō* [fascicle 14, folio 21] explains this text, saying: "This is based on the principle of that which depends (*nénɡ yī*, 能依) and that upon which [something] depends (*suǒ yī*, 所依). When [a being,] born through karma, summons its retribution (*bào*, 報), great elements are raised up to serve as the [thing] depended upon (*suǒ yī*, 所依); therefore simultaneously (*jù shí*, 俱時) derived forms (*bhautika*) are [also] present. Since derived forms are what depends (*nénɡ yī*, 能依), the remaining derived forms arise depending on that location — not at a separate time. (End of *shō* text.)"
In the present chapter, [the author] draws upon the text [of the *Yogācārabhūmi*] by selecting its intent (*yì*, 意). [Thus,] the *Saṃgrahaṇī* section's statement "afterward the remaining derived forms arise depending on that location" and this chapter's statement "afterward derived forms arise" — their meaning is identical.
From the text "The light of the sun-disk (*sūrya-maṇḍala*, 日輪), etc." to "...hence it is permissible for all to be [mutually] produced" — This illustrates the meaning of [the fact that] one and many mutually produce [derived forms]. "The light of the sun-disk, etc." — The sun-disk is [a sphere of] fifty-one *yojana* (踰繕那). The light it produces is of immeasurable (*apramāṇa*, 無辺) extent. These luminous forms (*guāng sè*, 光色) are an example of a small [number of] great elements producing many derived forms. "Co-arisen sound (*yīn jù shēng*, 因俱声), etc." — The *Abhidharmakośa* fascicle one [folio 7 recto] says: "There is sound that commonly (*tōng*, 通) has as its cause (*hetu*) both great elements [of] that which has executive-grasping (*sopādāna*, 有執受) [i.e., living bodies] and [great elements of] that which has no executive-grasping (*anupādāna*, 無執受) [i.e., inanimate things] — such as the sound produced by the coming-together of the hand and a drum, etc. (End of treatise text.)" The *Abhidharmasamuccaya* (*Duì fǎ*, 対法) fascicle one [folio 7 verso] says: "Co-arisen sound refers to the sounds of the hand, drum, etc. (End of treatise text.)"
*Explanation*: Master Jun (*Jùn fǎshī*, 雋法師) says: "Co-arisen (*yīn jù*, 因俱) means that the two types of four great elements — inner [i.e., of the living body] and outer [i.e., of the inanimate object] — mutually serve as [each other's] conditions (*yuán*, 縁) and [thereby] properly (*zhèng*, 正) bring forth sound; hence [such sound is called] co-arisen sound. However, [there is an objection:] just as [one] does not permit [the notion] that one ultimate atom of manifest form (*rūpa-varṇa*, 顕色) is produced by two sets of four great elements, sound too should be [treated] thus. How then can [one] say that two sets of four great elements producing sound should be named 'co-arisen sound'? [*Answer by way of] Explanation*: [Consider the case of] the four great elements in the hand and the four great elements in the drum together serving as conditions, [the hand's four elements] assisting this sound of the hand [striking the drum], and [the sound] properly arising because of the conditions of the inner and outer four great elements — hence [it is] named co-arisen sound. The four great elements within the drum properly produce the sound within the drum, with the four great elements of the hand serving as the assisting condition (*yuán-zhù*, 縁助); hence the sound within this drum
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【Outside frame, upper left horizontal】Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror — Great Elements and Derived Forms Chapter
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properly arises [through] two cause-conditions (*yīn yuán*, 因縁); hence it is named co-arisen sound. [For further detail,] see the exposition in that master's *Commentary on the Abhidharmasamuccaya* (*Duì fǎ shū*, 対法疏)."
"Since [in Mahāyāna] there are altogether no ultimate atoms, it is permissible for all [configurations] to produce [derived forms]" — The Sarvāstivāda (*Sārvāstivāda*, 薩婆多) and similar [schools hold that] one set of four great elements can together (*jù*, 俱) produce one ultimate atom of derived form. That school does not permit [the notion] that one ultimate atom of manifest form is produced by two sets of four great elements. The reason for this is that ultimate atoms have a substance (*tǐ*, 体) that is real (*shí*, 実) in nature (*xìng*, 性), and [their] designations (*míng*, 名) are each separately [distinct]. The present Mahāyāna [position holds that,] as previously stated, ultimate atoms never [arise in isolation]. If [forms] arise from [their own] seeds (*bīja*, 種), they necessarily arise in aggregated (*jùjí*, 聚集) [form]. Since [one element] and [another] mutually depend (*xiāng yī*, 相依) and do not mutually obstruct each other, all [configurations can] produce [derived forms]. This doctrine of great elements and derived forms, [as] differentiated according to various analytical categories (*zhū mén fēn bié*, 諸門分別), [is discussed] in: *Yogācārabhūmi* fascicles three, fifty-four, sixty-four, sixty-five, and sixty-six; *Prakaraṇāryavācā* (*Xiǎnyáng shèngjiào lùn*, 顕揚聖教論) fascicles two and five; *Abhidharmasamuccaya* (*Duì fǎ*, 対法) fascicles one and six; *Abhidharmakośa* (*Jùshè lùn*, 倶舎論) fascicle one; *Saṃyuktābhidharma-hṛdaya* (*Zá xīn lùn*, 雑心論) fascicle one [folio 12 recto]; *Jñānaprasthāna* (*Fā zhì lùn*, 発智論) fascicles thirteen and fourteen; and *Mahāvibhāṣā* (*Dà Pípó Shā lùn*, 大毘婆沙論) fascicles one hundred twenty-seven through one hundred thirty-two.
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