英語訳
**[Right page: Final page of "Shogaku Settai Gakushū," Vol. 3]**
**[Page 106, Upper Column]**
*(On the Nature of Dhāraṇī)*
*Question:* Why is the dharma of dependent origination called dhāraṇī?
*Answer:* Because within a single phrase, infinite meanings and phrases are contained—that is, the many is the one, the one is the many, in endless layers without exhaustion, like the jewels of Indra's net. This is why it is called the dhāraṇī of the dharma of dependent origination. According to the deep and esoteric teaching, the mantra is the true form of reality itself, with the unborn and undying mind of the Tathāgata as its fundamental body.
*Question:* Why is this mantra said to be the true form of reality (*jijitsusō*)?
*Answer:* The form of this mantra was not created by any of the Buddhas; they did not cause others to create it, nor did they rejoice in it as something made. Why? Because it is the dharmic nature (*hōni*) of all dharmas to be as they are. Whether or not the Tathāgatas appear in the world, all dharmas rest in this dharmic nature as they are. *(End of sūtra passage.)* Therefore, the mantra is the true form of reality *(and so on)*.
The *Mahāprajñāpāramitā Sūtra* (Daihon-kyō) states: "All dharmas are equal. They are not made by śrāvakas, not made by pratyekabuddhas, not made by bodhisattvas, and not made by Buddhas. Whether or not a Buddha exists, the nature of all dharmas is forever empty." *(End of passage.)*
These teachings of the exoteric and esoteric traditions are, when examined further, entirely one and the same. What should be said to one's interlocutor (the opponent in debate) is that the distinction between exoteric and esoteric lies in the person, not in the dharma itself. If one insists they are separate, then the exoteric school belongs only to the gate of arising and ceasing (*shōmetsumon*), and is not at all the true *Mahāyāna* of *Tathatā* (Suchness). The *dharmakāya* as you understand it would then be inferior to the master of the exoteric teachings (the Buddha), and the principle of equality would go unpreached.
Thus the objection arises: "This understanding is incorrect. Our Mahāvairocana (*Dainichi Henshō*) establishes differentiation upon the principle of equality, and upon that differentiation expounds the seals (*in*) and mantras. Are the seals and mantras not something the exoteric school does not teach?"
*Answer:* The mudrā (*inchi*) is the virtuous expression (*hyōtoku*) of the precepts as taught in the exoteric school. Even if something manifests through the empowerment of the three mysteries (*sanmitsu kajī*) and radiates the light of Mahāvairocana, without the virtue of the precepts, it cannot be so. Therefore, the *Himitsu Mandara Jukyō* (*Hiken*) states: "At that time, in the spring of the ninth year of Kōnin, a great pestilence swept the land. The Emperor himself dipped golden ink at the tip of his brush, held indigo paper in his palms, and reverently transcribed one scroll of the *Heart Sūtra*. Following the model of expository composition, I (*Kūkai*) compiled and wrote the gist of the sūtra's meaning. Before the words of final dedication had even been uttered, those afflicted began to revive and return to their paths. The night transformed and the sunlight shone resplendent. This was not owing to the humble virtue of my precepts, but was the work of the divine power of faith of the Sovereign of the Golden Wheel." *(End of passage. The Emperor refers to Emperor Saga.)*
**[Page 106, Lower Column]**
As for mantras, this too is the same as in the exoteric school. The *Nirvāṇa Sūtra* states: "Coarse words and gentle words alike—all return to the first principle." *(End of passage.)* The forms of the tongue and all speech are likewise one and the same as mantra. How then can they be called separate?
However, when one examines the specifics in detail, each school (*ie*, "house") has its own distinctive virtue:
- The Vinaya school: the 200 and 500 precepts, the 80,000 detailed practices, the 3,000 deportments *(other schools do not have these)*
- The Huayan (Kegon) school: the ten Buddhas, etc. *(other schools do not have these)*
- The *Brahmajāla Sūtra*: the 48 minor precepts, etc. *(other schools do not have these)*
- The *Karuṇāpuṇḍarīka Sūtra* (*Hike-kyō*): 500 great vows, etc. *(other schools do not have these)*
- The *Mahāyāna-abhisamaya Sūtra* (*Daijō Dōshō-kyō*): the four sets of ten stages *(other sūtras do not have these)*
- The *Mahāvairocana Sūtra* (*Dainichi-kyō*), etc.: secret names and appellations, etc. *(other sūtras do not have these)*
- The *Śūraṅgama Sūtra* (*Ryōgon-kyō*): the twenty-five *yuantōng* (modes of enlightenment) *(other schools do not have these)*
Each of these virtues governs its own school. Nevertheless, other schools do not concern themselves with them. *(End of passage.)*
The discussion of the principle of constant equality is now concluded. Next comes the principle of constant differentiation, followed by the principle of being neither identical nor different *(and so on)*.
**[End of "Shogaku Settai Gakushū," Vol. 3]**
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**[Left page: Preface to "Shishū Yōmon," Upper Volume]**
**[Page 1, Upper Column]**
**Preface**
Sun Wu (*Sunzi*) said: "Know the enemy, know yourself, and in a hundred battles you will never be in peril. Not knowing the enemy but knowing yourself—one victory, one defeat. Not knowing the enemy and not knowing yourself—in every battle you will surely be defeated." How true are these words!
Our founding patriarch (*Hōso*), at the time of the age of the Latter Dharma (*mappō*), was born on the far side of the eastern seas. He opened up the profound teachings of the "three thousand realms in a single moment of thought" (*ichinen sanzen*), restored the transmission that had been severed for five times five hundred years, raised the banner of the Great Dharma, beat the drum of fearlessness, drove the wheel of non-retrogression, and advanced against the great enemy. In battle, there was nothing he did not win; in assault, nothing he did not take. He ultimately delivered sentient beings from the calamity of fire and water. Though this arose from the divine powers of Buddha-wisdom, it was also the result of knowing both the enemy and oneself.
From that time onward, monks transmitting the teaching were never lacking in the world. Yet some merely fortified themselves within the ramparts of the One Vehicle (*ichijō*) without investigating the true nature of the four schools, engaging in empty self-congratulation and seeking to subdue others through that alone. This is like casting a bright jewel into the darkness—however beautiful the object may be, what damage could it do against one who grips his sword and glares back? Thus there were cases where one who sought to win an ally instead repelled them, and one who sought victory instead suffered defeat. This is fighting without knowing the enemy—a disaster that cannot go unexamined. Hence the saying: "One who deliberates poorly and underestimates the enemy will surely be taken prisoner."
Proceeding from this: the atmosphere becomes dark and obscure, right and wrong become confused, a host of evildoers seize their opportunity, malicious flames flare up again, and the magnificent legacy of the brilliant patriarchs could eventually come to a single defeat from which it would never recover—this too cannot be discounted.
The Venerable Enzan Chō (*Enzan Chōkō*) harbored apprehension about this. He withdrew and studied the patriarchs' teachings, returned to the former principles, investigated the situation of the opponents, and compiled and wrote the "Shishū Yōmon" (*Key Texts of the Four Schools*), making it a guide for knowing the enemy. Thereafter, like gathering a garment by its collar and instantly setting it in order, or like raising a torch to illuminate the darkness, the provisional and ultimate teachings of all doctrines and the true and false natures of other schools became crystal clear—as visible as something in the palm of one's hand. By this means, victory could be
**[Page 1, Lower Column]**
attained once more.
Regrettably, that work was reduced to ashes during the Tenmei era (1781–1789) in the fire at Ushū (Ukishū), and later students had no path to follow. Therefore, (the humble compiler, Eigo/Eien), without measuring his own abilities, gathered and collected old texts and compiled and selected from many books, in order to supplement and complete the remaining embers (of the original work). He fully recognizes this to be presumptuous and reckless, and inevitable mockery cannot be escaped. Yet if students of later generations use this as a foundation for their practice, then knowing oneself and knowing the enemy, and establishing the brilliant achievement of a hundred victories in a hundred battles—will this not be found right here?
*Written in the seventh year of Bunsei, the year Kinoe-Saru (1824), in the fifth month, by Eien Nichiē (英園日英), at Myōren Kyōji in the south of Heian-jō (Kyoto).*