英語訳
**Right Page**
**Mahāyāna Yogācāra Research and Investigation Chapter, Volume 5**
**Upper Section:**
Body. Third is the Transformation Body. (And so forth.)
Question: What is the Transformation Body? Answer: There are two kinds of Transformation Body. First is the Buddha-form Transformation Body, and second is the Five Destinies Transformation Body.
Question: What does this mean? Answer: Descending from heaven, taking birth in a royal palace, practicing austerities for six years, realizing the Way beneath the tree, responding in accordance with humans and heavenly beings, and perfecting the Buddha's form—this is the first. After the Buddha's nirvana, manifesting the body in the five destinies—this is not the Buddha's form. Because there is a body during the Buddha's lifetime and a body after the Buddha's nirvana, there are two kinds of transformation.
Question: When one person generates the aspiration, cultivates, and attains the fruit, why must there necessarily be three bodies in the fruit? Answer: At the time of first generating the aspiration, two kinds of wisdom are aroused. First is the vow to seek bodhi, and second is the vow to benefit others. Through seeking the wisdom of the bodhisattva, the Dharma Body arises. This is the true Buddha body, pervading the entire dharma realm, present everywhere without absence. It possesses the four wisdom groups, possesses the four nirvāṇas, is quiescent and blissful, permanently abiding and unchanging, with the three points and four virtues fully perfected and complete. Through the wisdom of benefiting others, that true Buddha body transforms to produce two kinds of bodies. First is the Body of Others' Enjoyment—this is transformed and produced for the sake of bodhisattvas of the ten grounds and others. Second is the Transformation Body—this is transformed and produced for the sake of those before the grounds, the two vehicles, and ordinary beings. Because those being transformed have two kinds, wisdom produces two kinds of bodies, which together with the original true body constitute the three bodies.
Question: Regarding these three bodies, we understand that they differ in three ways through wisdom. Are the three bodies obtained because there are three causes, or are they obtained without separate causes? Answer: They are obtained through separate causes and conditions. These are: first is the generative cause, and second is the elucidative cause. The generative cause is this: from beginningless time there exists a naturally existing seed-essence, which is of the highest grade. There are also the six perfections, which assist the generative cause. Thus through the dual generative causes of principal and auxiliary, these three bodies are obtained.
Question: Are the three bodies of the Buddha obtained solely from the generative cause, or is there also an elucidative cause?
**Lower Section:**
Answer: The principle dharma-body Buddha is obtained from the elucidative cause; the remainder are obtained from the generative cause.
Question: The so-called two causes—are they separate or the same? Answer: One cause is divided into two. That is, with respect to the principle dharma body, it serves as elucidative cause; with respect to the other Buddha bodies, it serves as generative cause. The six perfections and naturally existing seeds are simply divided into two with respect to the fruit.
Question: In these three bodies, how many dharma gates are attained? Answer: The unlimited dharma gates of the four wisdoms, four nirvāṇas, and so forth are fully possessed.
Question: What are the four wisdoms? Answer: First is the Great Perfect Mirror Wisdom, second is the Wisdom of Equality of Nature, third is the Wondrous Observing Wisdom, and fourth is the Wisdom Accomplishing All Works.
Question: What is called the Great Perfect Mirror Wisdom? Answer: "Great" means vast and broad; "perfect" means all-encompassing and complete; "mirror" means illuminating and reflecting—it is named by way of analogy. Just as a great bright mirror manifests various images, this wisdom can likewise manifest and generate the wisdom-reflections of bodies and lands. Therefore it is called Perfect Mirror Wisdom.
Question: In the causal stage there are eight consciousnesses—which consciousness is transformed to obtain this Perfect Mirror Wisdom? Answer: The eighth consciousness is transformed to obtain this wisdom.
Question: What is called the Wisdom of Equality of Nature? Answer: "Equal" means level and even; "same" means uniform and alike; "nature" means true nature—it is named from its object. Because it observes the equal nature of all dharmas and of self, others, and sentient beings, it is called the Wisdom of Equality of Nature.
Question: Which consciousness is transformed to obtain this? Answer: The seventh manas consciousness is transformed to obtain this wisdom. Therefore it is called the Wisdom of Equality of Nature.
Question: What is called the Wondrous Observing Wisdom? Answer: "Wondrous" means supremely excellent; "observing" means illuminating observation; "察" (察) means careful discernment—it is named from its function. Because it illuminates and understands wisdom of nature and operates without obstruction, it is called the Wondrous Observing Wisdom.
Question: What is called the Wisdom Accomplishing All Works?
**Left Page**
**Upper Section:**
Answer: "Accomplishing" means completing and perfecting, with the meaning of transforming all things; "Works" means creating transformations—it is named from its function. Because it gives rise to transformative actions for the benefit of sentient beings, it is called the Wisdom Accomplishing All Works. The first two (Great Perfect Mirror Wisdom and Wisdom of Equality of Nature) are named by the dependent-determinative compound (依主釈, i.e., the object determines the name), while the latter two (Wondrous Observing Wisdom and Wisdom Accomplishing All Works) are named by the possessive compound (持業釈, i.e., the subject possesses the action).
Question: What serves as the essence of these four wisdoms? Answer: If taken by way of self-nature, the wisdom among the object-specific mental factors serves as the essence. If taken by way of associates, the five aggregates that arise in concomitance serve as the essence.
Question: How many dharmas are concomitant with these four wisdoms? Answer: Twenty-one dharmas are always concomitant. Together with the mind-king, there are twenty-two.
Question: What are the twenty-one dharmas? Answer: Five universal mental factors, five object-specific mental factors, and eleven wholesome mental factors, totaling twenty-one. With the mind-king added, twenty-two.
Question: The Ornament Treatise states: "Transforming the five sense consciousnesses, one obtains the Wondrous Observation Wisdom; transforming the mental consciousness (mano-vijñāna), one obtains the Wisdom Accomplishing All Works." Is this not in conflict with this explanation? Answer: This is an error by the translators of that Ornament Treatise. Some people explain that it is to demonstrate function, but is that reasoning correct?
Question: At what stage are these eight consciousnesses transformed to obtain the four wisdoms? Answer: The Wondrous Observing Wisdom and Wisdom of Equality of Nature begin to be transformed at the seeing path of the first ground. Regarding the transformation of these two wisdoms and the Great Perfect Mirror Wisdom, there are two theories. One says it is only subsequently attained wisdom; another says there is also fundamental wisdom. The remaining three are all fully possessed together.
Question: Why at the first ground are the fifth and eighth consciousnesses not transformed, and only the two wisdoms are transformed? Answer: The eighth consciousness is the root of birth-and-death, so if it were transformed at the first ground, who would hold the defiled seeds of the ten grounds? The fifth consciousness is a supported basis; since the five sense faculties are already defiled, how could they be transformed?
Question: Why does the Great Perfect Mirror Wisdom correspond only with the eighth consciousness and not others? Answer: The eighth consciousness has from beginningless time, as the basis of transmigration, been able to hold defiled and
**Lower Section:**
undefiled seeds without losing them, permanently present in the stage of the Buddha's fruit. This wisdom can uphold the three wisdoms, body, and lands. Therefore it is concomitant with the eighth consciousness.
Question: Why is the Wisdom of Equality of Nature concomitant with the seventh consciousness? Answer: The seventh consciousness, in the causal stage, clings to a self, causing distinctions between self and other. Now that self-clinging is absent, there is great impartial compassion and so forth, always mutually concomitant. Therefore this consciousness is concomitant with it.
Question: Why is the Wondrous Observing Wisdom concomitant with the mental consciousness? Answer: This sixth consciousness, in the causal stage, can apprehend the particular characteristics and universal characteristics of all dharmas. Therefore in the fruit stage, concomitant with this consciousness, this wisdom wondrously observes the particular and universal characteristics of dharmas and expounds them for others.
The merit of perfect cause is immeasurable; the virtue of complete fruit is without limit. The four wisdom mind-groups, four nirvāṇas, three bodies, four virtues, three foundations of mindfulness, ten powers of the Tathāgata, three non-protections, four fearlessnesses, unshared dharmas, four kinds of all-encompassing purity, three-point great compassion, ten masteries, the thirty-two great marks of a great man, eighty subsidiary marks, dharmas immeasurable like dust grains with no forgetfulness, four wondrous wisdoms—fully possessing the one hundred forty dharmas in all. Fearing that people of latter ages may grow weary and abbreviate, I wish that all wise ones may know these together.
I now, following my ability, briefly praise and expound. An ordinary mind may not understand, yet there may be accordance with principle. Devoting this to our sovereign, I hope for a thousand generations; may the golden wheel ever turn and grace ten thousand ages. May ministers and officials of all offices support the imperial court; may their bodies be vigorous and their lives long, with distant peace and joy. May all sentient beings equally receive merit, swiftly transcend birth-and-death, and realize nirvāṇa.
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The entire five fascicles above, having suffered insect damage and being impossible to repair, were left lying at the bottom of a chest for nearly years. One day I took them out and examined them, and found it impossible simply to discard them. I had my disciple monks Kakue, Sokuō, Jikō, and others supplement the missing and abbreviated portions, add new binding, and transmit them to posterity. This was entirely so that the Venerable Keihō and others might peruse them. I humbly hope that the ancestors of old may quickly turn their compassionate eyes and fulfill this humble wish.
Fifth year of Hōreki, year of Kinoto-i [乙亥], fifteenth day of the sixth month.
Shingon School Kanjin-in Sōjō Kenga (age seventy-two)