英語訳
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*(Continuing from the previous page)* The reason why the *yǒufǎ* (有法, subject of the proposition) fails to be established lies entirely in the *jiǎnbié* (簡別, qualifying restriction). From this point, the text proceeds to explain why the qualified true nature fails to be established.
**Q:** Regarding the *jù bù chéng* (俱不成, "both fail to be established") in the inference and example of this syllogism—how does it compare with the *jù bù chéng* in formal Buddhist logic (*yīnmíng*/因明)?
**A:** In general, while the thirty-three fallacies (*guò*/過) do not increase or decrease, within each single fallacy there are innumerable variations of form (*zuòfǎ*/作法). This is accepted by all masters. One should not cling to a single corner and obstruct the reasoning of a hundred paths. Let us confine ourselves to this matter here.
In the treatises on Buddhist logic, "both fail to be established" (*jù bù chéng*) falls into two categories: "with-substance" (*yǒu tǐ*) and "without-substance" (*wú tǐ*). Consider, for example, the syllogism: "Sound is permanent, because of the cause of being without material obstruction." The body of a pot exists, but the combination of being permanent and without obstruction does not exist. Again, when taking empty space as an analogy against one who denies empty space (*wú kōng*/無空), if the opponent also lacks this in the treatise, these two names are established as "failure to be established with substance" (*yǒutǐ bùchéng*) and "failure to be established without substance" (*wútǐ bùchéng*). These have four cases: (1) the *zōng* (宗, thesis) and *yīn* (因, reason) have a substantial body, and the analogy has one—both fail to be established; (2) the *zōng* and *yīn* have no substantial body, but the analogy has—both fail; (3) the *zōng* and *yīn* have a substantial body, and there is one [overlap in the analogy]—both fail; (4) the *zōng* and *yīn* have none—both fail.
The *jù bù chéng* in the *Shūyō* (樞要) corresponds to the fourth case. The reason is as follows: both schools agree that with respect to the true nature (*zhēnxìng*/真性), one cannot speak of it as either "empty" or "existent." Yet Qingbian goes on to speak of "emptiness" and "dependent origination" (*yuánshēng*/縁生). Hufa does not accept this. Therefore the *zōng* (thesis) and *yīn* (reason) of Qingbian are both without body (in the true nature). This is thus the "both fail without substance" of the analogy—because illusory flowers (*kōnghuā*/空花) and such also have no body. Furthermore, since the opponent (Hufa) does not accept this, there is no *suǒbié* (所別, the subject distinguished by the predicate). The *yīn* (reason) also incurs the fault of *suǒyī bùchéng* (所依不成, failure of the basis).
**Q:** These two failures seem to be only failures of the *yù* (喩, analogy), since the *zōng* and *yīn* both exist, they should correspond to the first case. If so, would the Middle Way true nature then be establishing "emptiness and dependent origination"? Since following this line of inquiry it does not match the first case, the meaning of the fourth case is as stated above.
**Q:** How do the inference in the *Buddhāvataṃsaka-sūtra* and the inference in the *Zhǎngzhēn* (掌珍, *Karatalaratna*) compare—what are their similarities and differences?
**A:** Although the texts appear similar, their intended meanings are entirely different. The reason is as follows: The sūtra's inference takes the principle of the two-fold emptiness (*èr kōng*/二空) as the qualifying restriction of the true (*zhēn*/真), with "paratantra being non-existent" as the predicate (*néngbié*/能別) of the thesis. This serves to eliminate the false attachment of outsiders (*wàirén*/外人) to real existence. The passage in the *Guǎngbǎi* (廣百) commenting that "all conditioned dharmas are not real and substantially existent" is precisely this. Therefore,
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the analogies eight, nine, and ten in the Prajñāpāramitā sūtras and the *Mahāyānasaṃgraha* all illustrate the meaning of "paratantra not being existent," not the meaning of parikalpita. Moreover, the *Buddhāvataṃsaka-sūtra* is called a spurious sūtra (*wěijīng*/偽経). Details are in the "Document Requesting Instruction Sent to China" (*qiǎn Táng qǐng yì wén*/遣唐請益文).
**Q:** In the Prajñāpāramitā sūtras, there are more than ten alternative names for the true nature (*zhēnxìng*). Among them, one does not find a passage stating that "paratantra is also called *shèngyì* (勝義, *paramārtha*)." On what Buddhist sūtra does the present Hufa school rely when it distinguishes *paramārtha* within the dharmas of the paratantra?
**A:** In the *Mahāparinirvāṇa-sūtra*, the *Renwang-jing* (仁王経, *Sūtra on the Humane King*), and other sūtras, multiple levels of *paramārtha* are distinguished based on superior wisdom and middling wisdom. The "two truths of persons and dharmas" (*rén fǎ èr dì*/人法二諦) are precisely the evidence for this. The *Yogācārabhūmi* (瑜伽師地論) and the *Xiǎngyáng* (顕揚聖教論) also rely on these sūtras to distinguish four levels of *paramārtha* within the scope of two wisdoms, calling them "the two truths of dharmas" (*fǎ èr dì*/法二諦). Yet the present Qingbian does not accept this meaning—because he has not fully understood the principle.
**Q:** In the *Guǎngbǎi lùn* (廣百論) there are also two inferences. In its seventh (chapter) it states: "Moreover, the objects of attachment are briefly of two kinds: first, conditioned; second, unconditioned. All conditioned dharmas arise from conditions, and like illusions, are not really and substantially existent. All unconditioned dharmas are also not real—because they have no arising—like a tortoise's hair." These are judged to be *bǐliàng* (比量, inferential cognitions) and declared: "These two inferences are no different from the *Zhǎngzhēn* (inference)." How is this judgment?
**A:** This judgment is not correct. The inferences in the *Guǎngbǎi lùn* are the same as those in the *Buddhāvataṃsaka-sūtra*. The *Buddhāvataṃsaka-sūtra* establishes the Eighth Consciousness (ālayavijñāna). For this reason, Qingbian's *paramārtha* has absolutely nothing preserved, and falls into one-sided emptiness (*piān kōng*/偏空). The meaning is as always stated.
The ninth fascicle of the Commentary (*shū*/疏), in the section explaining the Three Natures, states: "If Qingbian and others, relying on the *paramārtha* truth, regard the paratantra and so on as all being merely conventional (*jiǎ*/假), then within the paratantra there are by themselves no real dharmas, and conventional dharmas are also absent." Hence it is known that what is called "conventional" (in Qingbian's system) is a "convention without substance" (*wú tǐ jiǎ*/無体假). The meaning is: (in Qingbian's view,) it is provisionally existent in the conventional and □□ non-existent (in the ultimate).
**Q:** The Commentary on Buddhist Logic (*yīnmíng shū*/因明疏) states: "If the thesis (*zōng*) marks out *paramārtha*, as in the *Zhǎngzhēn* which says 'the true nature of conditioned dharmas is empty, because they arise from conditions like illusions,' and so forth, there is no fault of contradiction with one's own teaching or with worldly convention, etc." If so, the conditioned dharmas with outflows and without outflows (*lòu wúlòu*/漏無漏) that arise from causes and conditions as conventional existences, as taught by both Mahāyāna and Hīnayāna, are already completely excluded by the term "paramārtha." Now, establishing the emptiness of all dharmas by relying on *paramārtha*—what teaching does this contradict, such that it is called "contradicting one's own teaching" and "contradicting the school" (*wéizōng*)?
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**A:** The *paramārtha* spoken of in the teachings of emptiness and existence is not the true *paramārtha*. Because of this, it contradicts the school and teaching of *paramārtha* as "neither empty nor existent," and is therefore called "contradicting the school" and "contradicting one's own teaching." If it were otherwise, having already excluded (the conventional) by the term "paramārtha," what teaching would it further contradict, to be called "contradicting the teaching"? The World-Honored One has already judged the two teachings of existence and emptiness to be of incomplete meaning (*bù liǎo yì*/不了義), and has judged "neither empty nor existent" to be the true teaching of complete meaning (*liǎo yì*/了義). Therefore, violating the Middle Way is called violating the school and the teaching.
**Q:** In the proposition "the self (*ātman*) is thought (*cit*)," the *suǒbié* (所別, distinguished subject) fails to be established. By analogy with the category of "existence" (*yǒuxìng*/有性) of the Vaiśeṣika school, there should similarly be a failure of the distinguished subject.
**A:** The proposition "the self is thought" has been disputed between Buddhism and the Sāṃkhya school since ancient times; hence there is (a problem with) the distinguished subject. However, regarding "existence" (*yǒuxìng*), this has been transmitted from teacher to student without having reached the stage of mutual disputation. Therefore at that time there was still no (problem with) the distinguished subject. However, if we now re-examine this carefully, there should be a (problem with the) distinguished subject, as explained in the *Zuǎn jì* (纂記).
The *Zhǎngzhēn lùn* (掌珍論), in its account of the origination of the inference (*qǐ yīn*/起因), states: "If the conditioned dharmas of the parikalpita (imagined nature) posited by others (*tā*/他, i.e., the opponents) have, in the *paramārtha* truth, a truly existing self-nature (*svabhāva*), then we now establish their emptiness. This is the Sarvāstivāda (*Sābabāduō*/薩婆多)." Hence the Commentary states: "The Sarvāstivāda say: if, when a dharma is conceptually analyzed, its name is abandoned, then it is called the conventional truth (*saṃvṛti*). If, when analyzed, there is nothing to be abandoned, this is the highest truth (*paramārtha*). For example, the self-nature of the atom (*paramāṇu*) always retains its own name without abandoning it, and is therefore the *paramārtha* truth. The pot, apart from the atoms, has no separate name and substance—this is the conventional truth (*sāmānya satya*/等諦). Now, in order to refute this, emptiness is used to refute the disease of 'existence.' If emptiness is removed, one also does not establish (existence)." The Sarvāstivāda's *paramārtha* truth corresponds precisely to the conventional truth domain (*sú dì mén*/俗諦門) of Qingbian's school. Therefore, relying on that (Sarvāstivāda's) "paramārtha non-obtainability" (*shèngyì bùkědé*/勝義不可得), one can dismiss the faults of "contradicting one's own teaching" and "contradicting worldly convention." But relying specifically on Qingbian's own *paramārtha*,
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one may speak of dismissing the faults of "contradicting one's own teaching" and so on.
Hereafter, the text further refutes eighteen heterodox contentions (*yì zhí*/異執). Among these, the second group—the adherents of the category of "existence" (*yǒuxìng lùn zhě*/有性論者)—itself has many subdivisions. Among them, one master raises against Qingbian's school the faults of "the subject (*yǒufǎ*) failing to be established" and "the basis of the reason (*yīn suǒ yī*) failing to be established." How does this compare with the "failure of the distinguished subject (*suǒbié bùchéng*) of all dharmas"?
**A:** The adherents of the "existence" category rely on the conventional truth and are apart from *paramārtha* emptiness. Therefore they are entirely different from Hufa's (critique regarding the) distinguished subject (*suǒbié*). Hufa's school critiques the *yǒufǎ* (subject) in terms of the Middle Way approach. However, the sixteenth (heterodox contention), which refutes the Vaiśeṣika master's (*xiāngyìng shī*/相応師) interpretation of the Three Non-Natures, corresponds to Hufa's (critique). Nevertheless, in the Commentary, his name (Hufa) is not cited; it merely says: "because of his *paramārtha*, this dharma of paratantra is in reality non-existent. Relying on this *paramārtha*, the paratantra that is said to be empty—from the perspective of this conventional truth—is in reality existent." Hufa, however, teaches: "because of his parikalpita (imagined projection onto paratantra), it is in reality non-existent. Because of the parikalpita-emptiness upon the paratantra, this dharma of paratantra is in reality existent."
**Q:** Regarding Qingbian's establishing of "only the object" (*wéi jìng*/唯境)—what is the passage that substantiates this?
**A:** The passage "the true nature of conditioned dharmas is empty" (*zhēnxìng yǒuwéi kōng*) is itself this. He establishes only the empty object and does not establish consciousness (*vijñāna*). Hence what he establishes as empty is precisely the object (*jìng*/境).
**Q:** This inference simply negates (*zhē*/遮) all matter and mind (materiality and mentality) and generally establishes them as empty—it negates without positively affirming (*zhē ér bù lì*/遮而不立). In terms of conventional truth, both mind and object are established as existent; within this, the meaning of "only the object" is properly established. In terms of *paramārtha*, both mind and object are established as non-existent. On the basis of what text is the "meaning of only the object" now established?
**A:** Hufa establishes "consciousness-only" (*wéishí*/唯識) relying on the principle of "that which transforms" (*néng biàn*/能変) and "that which is transformed" (*suǒ biàn*/所変). Without consciousness transforming into the object, such a state of affairs is impossible. Qingbian establishes "object-only" (*wéi jìng*/唯境) relying on the principle of "object as cause, consciousness as effect" (*jìng yīn shí guǒ*). Without the object giving rise to consciousness, such a state of affairs is impossible. In general, Qingbian's teaching is what was transmitted by Xuanzang. Why do other masters casually add their own words to it? Also, the tenth fascicle of the Commentary on the *Guǎngbǎi lùn* states: "If, following worldly convention, one speaks of consciousness-only (*wéishí*), then for the same reason one should speak of object-only (*wéi jìng*) following worldly convention."
**[The following section is transcribed from the first frame, right page, of "Hossō Zuinō Ikkan" (法相髄脳一巻)]**
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If there were no object, the mind would ultimately not arise. Moreover, since the object is constant and permanent while the mind arises and ceases at intervals (*shùjiān jué*/数間絶), (Qingbian) speaks of "only the object." In general, it is Xuanzang who transmitted Qingbian's school. Xuanzang already transmitted it to Master Ji (Kuiji) and had him establish (the arguments). Apart from this (Xuanzang's transmission), who has gone further to India to receive Qingbian's school? All the masters of the Three Treatises school (*sānlùn jiā*/三論家) have received (their teaching) from Master Ji. Now, relying on whose teaching do (they) go about slandering the master?
Furthermore: the *Mahāprajñāpāramitā-śāstra* (大智度論), the *Mūlamadhyamaka-kārikā* (中論), and the *Dvādaśanikāya-śāstra* (十二門論)—these three treatises were composed by Nāgārjuna. The *Śata-śāstra* (百論) in two fascicles and the *Catuḥśataka-śāstra* (廣百論) were both composed by Āryadeva. With the exception of the *Catuḥśataka-śāstra* translated by Xuanzang, the remaining three treatises were all translated by Kumārajīva (羅什) during the Hóngshǐ era (弘始年中, ca. 399–416) of the Later Qin dynasty. Kumārajīva did not establish the doctrine of "all beings universally possessing Buddha-nature" (*xī yǒu fóxìng*/悉有仏性). The present masters of the Three Treatises school—whose teaching have they received to establish "all beings universally possessing Buddha-nature"?
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掌珍量噵 *(End of* Shōchin Ryōdō)