英語訳
**[Upper Section]**
*(Continued from the Jōgan 11 record):* City gates, storehouses, watchtowers, and walls collapsed one after another beyond all count. At the mouth of the sea, a great roaring sound arose, resembling thunder. Terrifying waves surged up, traveling inland and rapidly rising, and suddenly reached the base of the castle town. From the sea's edge, extending thousands of *ri* inland, there was nothing but a vast, boundless expanse of water; fields and roads alike became a great ocean. There was no time to board boats, nor could one reach the mountains in time; the number of drowned was about one thousand, and almost nothing remained of people's property or crops. *(Sources: Honchō Jishin-kō, Dai Nihon-shi, Sandai Jitsuroku)*
**Item 13: The Timing of the Tsunami**
According to Mr. Ikekami, a technical official of the Home Ministry who was dispatched to the Sanriku region to carry out an on-site survey of the damaged areas, the precise timing of the tsunami has not yet been fully determined, but the most accurate estimate is approximately 8:25 p.m. on the 15th. The number of subsequent waves, large and small combined, reached several dozen, with the most powerful being the first, second, and third waves. The interval between them can be estimated at an average of about six minutes each, meaning that the time in which twenty thousand lives were so tragically claimed was a mere eighteen to twenty minutes.
**Item 14: The Width of the Tsunami Waves**
The exact wave width of the tsunami has not yet been clearly determined, but it must certainly have extended to a length of two to three thousand *ken* (approximately 3.6–5.4 km). For this reason, the gradient of the wave formed a remarkably gentle obtuse angle, and vessels at sea experienced little to no rocking. The fact that those fishing offshore at the time of the tsunami escaped unharmed was entirely owing to the great width of the waves.
**Item 15: Technical Officer Ikekami's Account of the Tsunami**
As this account is based on a first-hand field survey and is believed to be of the greatest value, the full text is reproduced here without regard for repetition.
Mr. Ikekami Inekichi, a technical officer at the Central Meteorological Observatory, who was dispatched immediately after the Sanriku tsunami to observe conditions on the ground, returned to Tokyo two or three days ago and is to begin his investigation based on materials collected during his survey. Because the tsunami was a sudden event and occurred in a remote region, there was no means of precisely recording times. Consequently, it is difficult to determine the speed of the tsunami, the time difference between the earthquake and the tsunami, and various other related factors, and a certain amount of time will be required before a precise investigation can be completed. Detailed information is therefore not yet available, but the following facts have been learned:
The tsunami was most violent during the first through the third waves; after that, strong waves continued to strike repeatedly, but gradually weakened, and all damage was caused by those three waves. Though Kamaishi suffered the greatest losses, this was due to its large population and does not indicate that the tsunami was strongest there. In fact, the most violent effects were at Tōni and Yoshihama, several *ri* south of Kamaishi, where the wave may have reached a height of seven or eight *jō* (approximately 21–24 meters). The water marks and washed-up debris found on hillocks and trees ten *jō* (approximately 30 meters) high resulted from the furious waves crashing against them and surging upward — it does not appear that the waves themselves reached ten *jō*.
In any case, this tsunami struck with absolute suddenness, with no means whatsoever of foreknowing it. During the great Edo earthquake of Ansei 2 (1855), a tsunami also occurred, but at that time there was ample time between when the water first surged and when people could flee. In the present case, however, the tide surged all at once; by the time people cried out "Tsunami!", the raging waves had already engulfed them on all sides, leaving no time to escape.
Some say they heard a sound like thunder at first, others that it was like a cannon shot, and people imagined it resembled the rumbling of an earthquake, leading the public to call it a forewarning of the tsunami. However, this was neither the sound of the earthquake nor a forewarning; it was most likely the sound produced by the force of the water as the tsunami rushed ashore — perhaps striking against great boulders or from some other cause.
**[Lower Section]**
This can be understood from the fact that not a single person aboard a vessel at sea heard such a sound. Similarly, the reason those on board ships were entirely unaware of the tsunami is that such a great tsunami, forming wave shapes spanning hundreds of *ken*, would — even if the wave height were over one hundred *shaku* (approximately 30 meters) — create an extremely gentle gradient relative to its width, and so would cause no perceptible rocking. However, the zone in which changes in tidal level were felt along the coast was quite extensive: tide gauges installed near Kinkasan recorded variations of roughly seven to eight *shaku*, and Chōshi also experienced noticeable effects; as far north as Nemuro and as far south as the Kii coast, tidal oscillations were similarly felt.
*The following presents theories on the cause.*
**Item 16: A Theory Attributing the Tsunami's Cause to a Collision of Ocean Currents**
The author of this theory states: The seasonal transition between the cold and warm currents flowing along this coast occurs at the spring and autumnal equinoxes each year — the period from autumn to spring being the cold current season, and from spring to autumn being the warm current season. This never varies from year to year. Yet this year, even past the equinox, the cold current continues to occupy the coast, and tuna fishermen have been going farther out to sea than usual in search of the warm current. This alone makes it undeniable that this year's ocean currents have undergone some change. Could not the cause of this tsunami also have arisen from this change in currents? In my view, it appears to have been caused by a collision between the cold and warm currents in these coastal waters. For the waves that struck the coast were entirely unlike ordinary ones — they came rotating vertically, top to bottom. Survivors all report being dragged down to the seabed and thrown back up to the surface some three or four times. This is presumably the result of the two currents colliding. Moreover, some fishermen say they witnessed water columns rising from the sea. This too provides further evidence of the collision. It is said that when a cold current carrying ice and a warm current of high temperature meet, the melting of the ice can produce precisely such phenomena.
*Editorial comment:* According to this theory, the cause of the tsunami was that the collision of the cold and warm ocean currents — differing greatly in temperature — generated high waves in the open sea. The author is said to be from Kesennuma District. It has been noted in the *Jiji Shimpō* newspaper that tsunamis generated in this manner are by no means rare, and that the characters "海嘯" (*kaishō*) originally referred to this type of high wave occurring at the mouths of seas in southeastern China. However, it is difficult to believe that collisions of ocean currents of this kind occurred everywhere along seventy *ri* of coastline simultaneously. Furthermore, the author appears to give no consideration to the earthquake. Reports of earthquake activity have come in from various locations, and it is this writer's belief that in this disaster, the earthquake and the tsunami were causally connected. That an anomaly occurred specifically in this year, when the warm current was late in its seasonal transition, was likely due to some other underlying cause.