英語訳
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Same [shock]: 11:33:15 — Minor tremor, aftershocks continuing.
*(Miyako Meteorological Observatory Report, published in the Official Gazette on June 19th)*
**Note:** Although a total of 13 earthquakes were recorded as above, all were no more than minor tremors. However, around 7:50 PM, the sea receded at an abnormal speed, and simultaneously a loud rumbling sound like distant thunder was heard. Around 8:00 PM, the tsunami struck. After briefly receding, at 8:07 PM a terrifying tsunami swept in again at a height of one jō, four or five shaku (approximately 4–4.5 meters), sweeping away people, livestock, and buildings. Six further tsunami waves were subsequently observed. The wave motion continued until around noon the following day, though it was not particularly powerful by then. *(Account of the Director of the same Meteorological Observatory)*
**IV. Account of the Tsunami's Arrival:** On the evening of June 15th, there were several earthquakes. Around 8:00 PM, a tremendous roar sounded from offshore in the East Hei District, as if a great cannon had been fired. Scarcely a few minutes after that sound subsided, the tsunami suddenly arrived—wild waves surged skyward, furious breakers rolled across the land, and a vast torrent of water rushed in all at once. Towns and villages alike were submerged beneath the raging floodwaters. In a mere instant, the entire coastal strip of over seventy ri (approximately 280 kilometers) was reduced to desolate, sandy devastation, with bodies and ruined buildings heaped everywhere in an utterly catastrophic scene.
**V. Occurrence of Earthquakes:** At all locations, earthquakes occurred before the tsunami arrived. The same was true at Hakodate and Muroran.
**VI. Occurrence of Sounds:** A sound like a cannon shot or distant thunder was heard at all locations; however, it is reported that in Shizugawa, Miyagi Prefecture, not a single person heard such a sound. The *Nihon Shimbun* No. 2,439 states: "...the strange booming sound like a cannon, which was reportedly heard everywhere else, was not heard by a single person in Shizugawa alone. This is quite a remarkable story..."
**VII. Height of the Waves:** The area extending several ri north of Tarō Village suffered the most severe damage, and the wave height is said to have reached over fifteen jō (approximately 45 meters or more).
**VIII. Occurrence of Strange Lights:** *Countless mysterious fires.* Police constable Yusa of the Noda Police Station was making his rounds of Uno Village within his jurisdiction on the night of the tsunami. Around 8:20 PM, when he had returned to within approximately ten chō (about one kilometer) of the station, he heard an unusual roaring from the sea. Wondering about it, he approached Noda and found that the seawater had penetrated to heights never seen before. Not yet realizing it was a tsunami, he stood still for a while pondering the situation, when he noticed dozens of mysterious fires—each about the size of a large paper lantern—emitting phantom-like lights at various heights, from the location of Noda's houses up toward the mountain behind them.
A person who had been on the hilltop at a place called Kohama in Tarō Village reported: at the instant an unexpected roar of waves was heard, the seawater receded over three hundred *ken* (approximately 540 meters), completely exposing the seabed, and a pale bluish-white, eerie light shone brilliantly across it.
*(It was already dark that night, and it would have been quite difficult to determine that the water had receded as far as three hundred ken. However, reports that light was emitted from the sea have appeared scattered in newspapers, confirmed by fishermen who were out at sea in other locations as well.)*
**IX. Precursors:** There are several cases of what may be called precursors, listed below.
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Reports that the sea experienced a low tide before the tsunami are not few. To cite one or two examples: around 3:00 PM on the day of the tsunami, the sea surface in the area of Otake Village, Motoyoshi District, experienced an extraordinarily low tide, with even areas normally over ten *hiro* (approximately 15 meters) deep being exposed, and the elderly were reportedly worried that this was a sign of impending catastrophe.
At Miyako, the tsunami struck a total of six times, with the first strike at 8:00 PM. Ten minutes before this—at 7:50 PM—the sea receded at abnormal speed, and simultaneously a loud rumbling like distant thunder was heard.
An elderly woman at a place called Shirahama saw that the well water had receded on the day of the disaster and warned people that this was a precursor of a tsunami and that they should flee, but not a single person believed her. The old woman alone fled with a child on her back and thus saved her own life, while all the others perished.
In the town of Miyako, from the 14th—the previous day—all wells that were thirty *hiro* (approximately 45 meters) deep had become turbid without exception, and in some cases the water changed to a white or reddish color, causing people to find it very strange; naturally, however, they could never have imagined that such a great tsunami was coming.
In the vicinity of Shizugawa, from around the 13th, the ocean currents became disturbed and changed from their usual pattern; by the 15th, the tide was lower than anyone, even the elderly, could remember, and sea-floor topography never before witnessed was revealed. Then, from around 8:00 PM that evening, three rumblings—or something resembling distant thunder—occurred. The tsunami struck at exactly 8:10 PM.
*(This account states that sounds were heard in Shizugawa, which contradicts the earlier report—which is correct?)*
**Reference:** According to the account of a person who experienced the great Ansei-era tsunami at Shimoda: this person had boarded a vessel at Uraga intending to travel to Shimoda, and when the ship had reached the waters between Itō in Izu and Ōshima Island, the wind stopped entirely and the waves completely flattened; the sea became like oil with not even a ripple, and the sails, which had been swelling full up until that point, went limp and hung down loosely without a single fiber stirring. After being in this state for about an hour, suddenly there was a terrifying sound from the bottom of the ship, and it was violently shaken up and down, nearly being flung into the air. The crew members were all astonished and asked the captain what was happening; the captain said there must have been a great earthquake on land. Shortly afterward, the north wind that had been blowing until then suddenly shifted to the west, clouds billowed up, the wind raged, and the ship could not approach Izu, so it followed the wind and entered Koajiro in Sagami Province. Koajiro is one and a half *ri* from Misaki in Miura. Entering there, they found that ships capsized by the tsunami were scattered about the harbor, and all the houses had been washed away. The passengers on the vessel had been unaware that such a disaster had occurred during their voyage. Also, at that time there was a vessel of 500-*koku* capacity coming from Ise through the Tōtōmi Sea, and when it reached a point about twenty *ri* south of Cape Irōzaki, the crew observed the sea suddenly surging up in a distant area of the ocean, rising like a great mountain—like a pillar of the sea—and as this mountain collapsed, a great swell came and nearly capsized the ship.
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**X. Tsunamis Outside the Sanriku Region**
**Hakodate:** On the 15th, at the beachside towns of Sumiyoshi, Ōmori, and Wakamatsu along the Hakodate coast of Hokkaido, from 10:00 PM the seawater gradually increased, and from midnight to around 1:00 AM on the 16th, the water overflowed onto land approximately forty *ken* (about 72 meters) beyond the normal waterline. People were alarmed, exclaiming, "A tsunami must be coming! The repeated earthquakes of the past several nights were surely the precursors!" ...(omitted)... From around 4:00 AM, the water gradually receded and eventually returned to normal.
**Muroran:** The tsunami occurred at all locations after 8:00 PM on the night of the 15th. At that time, there was a heavy shower from offshore to inland; after it cleared briefly, a violent earthquake struck, and soon a dark cloud-like mass appeared offshore—people thought it was another shower coming, but then realized the dark cloud was in fact the tsunami. At Muroran, the following morning around 4:00 AM, despite clear weather, high waves suddenly came ashore and washed over the pier and breakwater.
**Moke (Hokkaido):** According to a report from the Hokkaido Government, in the Tokachi Province Moke area, at 8:00 PM on the 15th, a sound like distant thunder was heard from the offshore sea, simultaneously accompanied by a slight tremor. The tide suddenly rushed in with violent force, striking the land from sixty to one hundred shaku (approximately 18–30 meters) inland, making an eerie sound as it came and went four or five times. The first wave was the most intense.
**XI. Spread of the Tsunami**
**Rise in Water Level at Choshi Port:** Around 4:00 PM on the 15th, there was one minor earthquake in the Choshi Port area. Thereafter, the water level at both the port and the beach at Takagami Village increased by three *shaku* (approximately 90 centimeters) compared to normal, and the offshore waves also temporarily rose higher. A tide gauge near Kinkasan, maintained by the Land Survey Department, is said to have recorded a fluctuation of approximately seven to eight *shaku* (approximately 2–2.4 meters).
**Small Tsunami at the Ogasawara Islands:** According to a report from the Ogasawara Islands administration to the relevant authorities, around 4:00 AM on the 16th of last month, the tidal water at Futami Port on Chichijima Island showed an abnormal condition, and by around 5:00 AM the water volume had increased enormously—not only was it three to four *shaku* (approximately 90 centimeters to 1.2 meters) above normal, but the advance and retreat of the tide was violent, completely unlike normal tidal conditions. Therefore, precautions were taken at Futami Port; at Miya no Minato within the port, before the residents had woken up, seven captive sea turtles and one canoe were swept away. Tsuri-hama, Sakaura, and other locations also experienced the same increased tide simultaneously, but there were no casualties among people or livestock.
At Ōgimura, Suzaki East Coast, Hatsune-ura, Kita-fukurozawa, Kohama, Minami-fukurozawa Beach, and the west coast, a marked increase in water level was simultaneously observed. Some fishermen resting on the shore lost their fishing equipment to the rough waves, and in some places the tidal water filled up the ravines, but again there were no human or animal casualties. On Otōtojima, the water level also increased by three to four *shaku* at the same time, with the effect stronger on north-south facing shores and weaker on east-west facing shores; several violent waves were observed rushing about, but there were no abnormalities among people or livestock.
At Okimura and Kitamura Port on Hahajima Island, a violent tide simultaneously struck and destroyed the pier at Okimura Port, leaving only a few broken planks while the rest was entirely swept away. Kitamura Port, being the lowest in elevation, saw tidal water penetrate close to the houses—
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—but there were no abnormalities among people or livestock.
**The Hawaii Island Tsunami:** According to a recently arrived Hawaiian newspaper, on the morning of the 15th of last month, a tsunami also occurred along the coast of the islands, though the damage was not significant. The details are recorded below.
**Near Honolulu:** The tsunami that occurred near Honolulu, the capital of Hawaii, began at 7:38 AM. By 7:45 AM the wave height reached one *sun* (approximately 3 centimeters), and by 8:00 AM it had reached its lowest point; five minutes later it rose again to a height of two *sun* (approximately 6 centimeters), continuing for 25 minutes thereafter, and receding at 8:48 AM. Before anyone could feel reassured, by 9:00 AM it rose again to three *sun* (approximately 9 centimeters), and after that it continued to rise and fall, never stopping until 3:00 PM—a total of 14 tsunami waves over 14 hours.
**The Tsunami Along the Kauai Island Coast:** A similar tsunami also occurred in the waters near Kauai Island (located to the northwest of Hawaii). According to the account of the captain of the American vessel *James Makee*, anchored at Kavar(?) Harbor on that island, around 7:30 AM the sea was very unsettled, and upon careful observation he realized it was a tsunami. Knowing this was a serious matter, he immediately began preparations for evacuation. Earlier, two small boats had gone to the pier with coal; before the cargo had even been unloaded ashore, this extraordinary event occurred. Both boats were pushed up onto the sand and nearly capsized, so the sailors exerted every effort to hold them in place. At the same time, the main vessel also ran aground on a shoal, and the captain urgently called the small boats back, intending to free the ship as quickly as possible from this peril. The sailors rowed back with their utmost effort and barely made it. Meanwhile, the sea grew rougher and rougher, the ship pitched violently, and two anchor chains snapped. The captain feared that if the situation were left as is, the remaining chains would also break, the ship would strike a reef, and the entire crew would be shattered to pieces and lost to a watery grave. Determined to face death, the crew resolved to move the ship into deeper waters, and by 9:00 AM they finally achieved their goal. At that moment, even the rough-natured sailors looked at one another speechlessly, shedding tears of joy at having escaped death by the narrowest of margins. The water depth at the anchorage of the *Makee* was 12 *shaku* (approximately 3.6 meters), and its draft was 11 *shaku* (approximately 3.3 meters); when the tide receded, on checking beneath the hull, the ship was found to be resting on sand on multiple occasions. Moreover, judging from the conditions in the vicinity, the water depth appeared to have decreased by at least 3 *shaku* (approximately 90 centimeters). Furthermore, it was reported that in one harbor, the land suddenly increased by 40 *shaku* (approximately 12 meters) after the waves receded. The elders of Kauai Island said they had never encountered such a remarkable event before, and the deeply superstitious people feared this as a celestial forewarning of coming upheaval in the world. The *Commercial Advertiser* of Honolulu stated regarding this event: "There were no unusual signs whatsoever in our region beforehand, and this sudden event is thought to have been caused by a major earthquake somewhere in a foreign country, whose effects reached us here..."
**XII. Historical Records**
It is said that during the Keichō era, when a great tsunami struck the Miyagi region, the Sendai domain submitted a report to the Edo shogunate recording 12,000 deaths.
*Jōgan* 11th year, 5th month, 26th day (July 13th): A great earthquake struck Mutsu Province; light flowed like daylight; immediately people cried out, prostrated themselves and could not rise; some were killed by collapsing houses, others died buried in earth cracks; horses and cattle bolted in panic, trampling over one another; castle walls, storehouses, gates, towers, and ramparts... *(text continues)*