英語訳
## Hossō Tōmyōki (Record of the Lamp of Yogācāra Teachings) — Continued
**(Item Four — continued)**
This accords with the *Yilin Zhang* (*Forest of Meanings Chapter*). Those who take the refutations of the chapter's author [Kuiji] but then treat the text of other masters as the correct doctrine are exhibiting the shallow views of later, peripheral generations.
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**Item Five: On the reason for the doubled "condition" (縁) in the term "object-condition" (所縁縁, ālambana-pratyaya).**
Some say: having an entity (substance) capable of producing the mind is called a "condition" (縁); the image appearing in the mind is called the "object" (所縁). The term "object-condition" (所縁緣) doubles the character 縁 to correspond to these two meanings. (So it is said.)
The 階 temple states: The doubling of "condition" simply indicates that it is one of the four conditions; it is not assigned to correspond to two meanings separately. Therefore the commentary by Master Woncheuk (*Ganjin*/*Wŏnch'ŭk*) on the *Guān Suǒ Yuán Lùn* (*Ālambanaparīkṣā*) states: The object-condition (所緣緣) is none other than the "realm-condition" (境界緣) among the four conditions. The *Vibhāṣā* calls it the "realm-condition"; the *Treatise on the Tenets of the Schools* calls it the "comprehended-condition" (所了緣); the *Miscellaneous Heart Treatise* simply calls it "condition-condition" (緣緣).
Question: If so, why does the *Guān Suǒ Yuán Lùn* say "having an entity capable of producing the mind, it is called a condition; with the image appearing in the mind, it is called the object"?
Answer: This is because the object-condition has two meanings. These two meanings are not being assigned to the two characters "緣縁" separately. Hence Woncheuk's commentary states: However, in explaining these two meanings, the various treatises differ. According to this treatise, "the image appearing in the mind" is called "object" (所縁), and "capable of generating consciousness" is called "condition" (縁). This corresponds to the doctrine of "bearing the image of that object and having an entity that generates consciousness." The seventh fascicle of the *Chéng Wéishí Lùn* explains the object-condition in relation to "what is considered and what is relied upon."
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**Item Six: On the doctrine of the three categories of objects (三類境).**
The view of the other [temples] states: The three categories of objects are established only for the objects of the perceiving division (見分), not for the objects of the self-witnessing division (自証分). (So it is said.)
The 階 temple states: The three categories of objects are established for all four divisions.
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**Item Seven: On the mental image-part (相分) in the mind when the sixth consciousness apprehends the five aggregates of the past and future.**
The view of the other [temples] states: Because there is no original referent (本質), it is called an "independent image" (独影, pratibimba without a basis). Because it is generated from the seeds of the referent and is related to the referent, it is called a "referent-bearing image" (帯質). (So it is said.)
The 階 temple states: Because it arises from the same seeds as the apprehending [consciousness], it is called an "independent image." Because it perfumes and establishes seeds, thereby constituting the original referent, it is called a "referent-bearing image."
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**Item Eight: On the question of whether, at the causal stage, the two wisdoms of Wonderful-Contemplating Wisdom (妙観察智) and Equality Wisdom (平等性智) apprehend the affairs of the future Great Mirror Wisdom (大円鏡智) and Accomplishing Wisdom (成所作智), thereby perfuming seeds.**
(So it is said. This is the view of the other [temples].)
The 階 temple states: The two uncontaminated wisdoms at the causal stage do apprehend the affairs of Great Mirror Wisdom and Accomplishing Wisdom, thereby perfuming and establishing seeds and constituting the future original referents. Therefore the *Shūyō* (*Pivot Essentials*) states: By apprehending past and future aggregates, seeds are perfumed and established, and the original referents are thereby generated.
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**Item Nine: The claim that "personal-self grasping (人執) necessarily accompanies dharma-grasping (法執)" is the view of the ordinary lot.**
If so, when the seventh consciousness continually and uninterruptedly grasps the self, how can there be dharma-grasping? Regarding this matter, the 階 temple states: It is because [personal-self grasping] is not understood as dharma-grasping. The fifth fascicle of the Commentary (*Shu*) states: Not understanding [it], one analogizes to dharma-grasping; being confused, one analogizes to personal-self grasping. The commentary also states: Personal-self grasping necessarily gives rise to grasping at personal affairs. Dharma-grasping grasps [things] without recognizing it as [dharma-]grasping. (So it is said.) What is circulated in the other view is not yet clear.
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**Item Ten: On the mental image-part (相分) in the mind when the seventh consciousness apprehends the eighth consciousness and views it as a self.**
Some say: the perceiving division and the original referent arise from the same seeds. (So it is said.)
The 階 temple states: They arise from distinct seeds. For details, see the texts of the *Yideng* (*Lamp of Meanings*) and the *Yanmi* (*Secret Elucidation*). The other view does not employ what is recorded in the *Lamp* and the *Secret*. Fundamentally, there is such a thing as transmission from master to disciple. Yet if one does not rely on the records of the lineage, how can one establish the doctrine of the original master?
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### Six Items of Buddhist Logic (Inmyō)
**Item One: On the claim that the "inference of the emptiness of conditioned phenomena" (有爲空量) in the *Zhǎngzhēn Lùn* (*Jewel in the Hand Treatise*) contains the fallacy of "partial non-establishment of the subject of predication" (有法一分不成過).**
Regarding this doctrine, the view of the other [temples] states: The fallacy of non-establishment of the subject of predication occurs only with respect to "true nature" (真性). Or: the fallacy occurs only with respect to "the meaning of emptiness in conditioned phenomena." (So it is said.)
The 階 temple states: The fallacy of partial non-establishment of the subject of predication occurs with respect to all four characters "真性有為" (true-nature conditioned-phenomena). Therefore the commentary (*Shu*) states: According to our school, true nature encompasses conditioned and unconditioned phenomena; it is neither empty nor non-empty (非空不空). [There is thus] the fallacy of partial non-establishment of the subject of predication. (So it is said.)
Since it already says "true nature encompasses conditioned and unconditioned phenomena, is neither empty nor non-empty, [there is] the fallacy of partial non-establishment of the subject of predication," we know that "true nature" and "conditioned phenomena" and "unconditioned phenomena" each carry a portion of the fallacy.
Furthermore, the *Lamp* (*Yideng*) states: According to those various explanations, there is no fallacy of non-establishment of the subject of predication in the proposition. Since "true nature" is not the subject of predication, raising "true nature" here is intended to take "conditioned phenomena" as the subject of predication. The foregoing represents the views of other masters, according to whom there is no subject-of-predication fallacy.
Now [the 階 temple] maintains: this is a fallacy. When Bhāviveka (*Qingbian*, Skt. Bhāvaviveka) raises "true nature," true nature is entirely empty and contains no conditioned phenomena. His original intention was not to take "true nature" as the subject of predication. Moreover, within true nature, no verbal expression is possible. What could be called "conditioned phenomena"? Since there is a [subject-of-]predication, there is the subject-of-predication fallacy. Since it is already said that "true nature is entirely empty and contains no conditioned phenomena," it is known that "true nature" and "conditioned phenomena" together constitute a partial fallacy.
Furthermore, the *Weishi Jianji* (*Notes on the Vijñaptimātratā*), newly compiled in the Tang dynasty, states: Master Li (Woncheuk) said: "One portion" means — according to Dharmapāla (*Hufa*): in the ultimate truth, it is neither empty nor non-empty. Because it arises through dependent origination, it is not empty. Because the imputationally existent (parikalpita) does not exist, it is not non-empty (not absolutely non-empty). Within true nature, language is abandoned and characteristics are extinguished — one cannot speak of it as empty or as existent. Bhāviveka says "in the ultimate truth all is empty," which contradicts Dharmapāla's principle that "one portion is not empty." Hence one speaks of "partial non-establishment as a defect." [The commentary] then cites the text of the *Shu*: "According to our school" and so forth — meaning that, according to Dharmapāla, within true nature it is neither empty nor non-empty. Because Bhāviveka does not accept Dharmapāla's [claim] that the ultimate truth is [in part] not empty, one says "partial non-establishment." Another excerpt further states: Against Dharmapāla's "neither empty nor non-empty," Bhāviveka says "the ultimate truth is entirely empty," so with respect to the "not empty" portion, one says "partial non-establishment." (The above is the text of this record.)
Even before this record [the *Jianji*] arrived [in Japan], the doctrine of "one portion" was already being transmitted. How much more so since Tang China also has this transmission!
Those who construct such [syllogisms], as well as the various masters, [argue that] "true nature" is a qualifier (簡別) and is not the subject of predication. (So it is said.)
Now, the intention of the opponent (critic) is as follows: According to the principles of Buddhist logic, a qualifier within a proposition is not separate from the predicate and subject of predication. Since this qualifier is placed upon the subject of predication, it enters into the subject of predication. The various masters say: "true nature" does not enter into the subject of predication, hence there is no fallacy of partial non-establishment of the subject of predication. But if true nature truly does not enter into the subject of predication, how can there be the fallacy of partial non-establishment of the subject of predication?
Furthermore, the *Bin Ji* (*Woncheuk's Notes*) from Silla states: The four characters "真性有為" are all the subject of predication. (So it is said.) If true nature does not enter into the subject of predication, how is the fallacy of partial non-establishment of the subject of predication exhibited? In trying to expose the fallacy of the other school, one's own school already embroils itself in controversy — can the proponents of the other school fail to laugh? The same reasoning applies analogously to the "真故" (because it is truly [existent]) in the Vijñaptimātratā inference.
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**Item Two: On the term "自許" (*jizyo*, "self-permitted") in the reason (hetu) of the Vijñaptimātratā inference.**
The view of the other [temples] states: It is both "mutually permitted" (共許) and "self-permitted" (自許).
The 階 temple states: If it is already called "mutually permitted," how can it also be called "self-permitted"? Therefore "self-permitted" exclusively belongs to the one who formulates the syllogism (立者), because it is for the purpose of establishing one's own doctrine.
It is also said: "mutually permitted" and "self-permitted" can be paired under "both" (両倶) and "either one" (随一). Therefore the *Yizuan* (*Compendium of Meanings*) states: Even when a reason in a mutually valid inference is qualified by the term "self-permitted," it can still function as a valid reason, just as in the *Vijñaptimātratā* treatise the expression "those who delight in the Mahāyāna" is a term of permission. It is also stated: Question — when a reason is qualified by "self-permitted," how can one's own reason achieve common understanding (共解)? A provisional explanation: relying on the most fundamental principle, because it opposes the other school, "self-permitted" is placed against [the other school's view in] the reason; hence one is free from fallacy. (So it is said. For details, see the *Yuishiki Ryōki* [*Record of the Vijñaptimātratā Inference*] by the Dharma Master Matsui [松井僧都].)
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**Item Three: On the Vijñaptimātratā inference generating the fallacy of "contrary to the subject of predication" (有法差別相違) for the Hīnayāna, thereby creating the fallacy of inconclusiveness (不定過).**
Among the three types of inconclusiveness — pertaining to one's own [school], to the other [school], or to both — which type of inconclusiveness is this? Some say: within "both," each [school] has a different explanation.
The 階 temple states: By placing [自許] in the reason…
[Continued on the right page of the first fascicle of the *Shōchin Ryō Dō*]