英語訳
## [Final Page of the "Brief Commentary on the Heart Sutra" (般若心経略釈)]
### [Upper Section]
**Sūtra text:** "True and not empty."
**Commentary:** In order to remove doubt and encourage faith, this statement is repeated once more. How could it ever be the case that [the Buddha] abandoned the position of the Great Treasure Wheel-Turning King, dwelt in a quiet grove and laid aside his adornments, bore the honorific title of Compassionate Father and Dharma King, walked the many paths and raised his renown, faced the dragons and elephants (i.e., great practitioners), guided the heavenly beings and humans, and yet deceived and lured living beings? That could never truly be so. Therefore, the sūtra says: "The Tathāgata is one who speaks the truth... and up to, one who speaks no differently." Therefore, one should believe and revere [these words] and must not give rise to alarm or doubt.
**Sūtra text:** "Therefore he utters the dhāraṇī of Prajñāpāramitā, and utters the dhāraṇī thus: Gate gate pāragate pārasaṃgate bodhi svāhā."
**Commentary:** Having previously expounded the upholding of the Dharma teaching, and having encouraged faith and study, in order to allow the divine efficacy to be swiftly perfected, he furthermore expounds the upholding of the dhāraṇī. *(The commentary ends here.)*
Ximing [Daoxuan] says: The phrase *gate* and the rest have been transmitted from ancient times [with the understanding that] this dhāraṇī is the authentic pronunciation of the Western Regions, a phrase of secret and hidden meaning. If translated, its efficacy is lost. Therefore, the Sanskrit is preserved as-is. Furthermore, within the dhāraṇī, the names of various sages, or the names of spirits and deities, or the esoteric meaning of the various dharmas are expounded; the words contain multiple meanings, with no single correct interpretation. Therefore, the Sanskrit is preserved.
One interpretation says: "Gate gate" translates as "cross over, cross over," and extols the two characters *prajñā* from the preceding prose passage, revealing that prajñā has great power and function: to ferry oneself across and to ferry others. Hence it is rendered "cross over, cross over." Next, "pāra" translates as "arriving at the other shore," extolling the word *pāramitā* from the prose. Though one says "cross over, cross over," to what shore does one cross? That is precisely the other shore — the destination of the crossing. Hence it is said "pāragate." Next, "pāra" is as above. As for "saṃgate":
### [Lower Section]
...this translates as "ultimate arrival." It extols the two characters *究竟* ("ultimate") from the prose. Next, "bodhi" means "awakening" — this is the very substance of the other shore. Next, "svāhā" translates as "swift." It means: through wondrous wisdom, with its supreme function, one is able to swiftly arrive at the shore of bodhi. *(There are further meanings, but they are omitted here for brevity.)*
The Venerable Kūkai says: "The first *gate* reveals the practice and fruit of the Śrāvakas. The second *gate* raises the practice and fruit of Pratyekabuddhas. The third, *pāragate*, points to the supreme practice and fruit of the various great Mahāyāna [vehicles]. The fourth, *pārasaṃgate*, clarifies the practice and fruit of the Mantra-maṇḍala, complete and perfectly round. The fifth, *bodhi svāhā*, expounds the meaning of ultimate bodhi and entry into realization of all the above vehicles. *(The meaning of the characters is said to be as above, and so forth.)*"
The *Hizōki* (Secret Treasury Record) says: "Gate gate" — (the meaning of practice-upon-practice; referring to the bodhisattva's practice and the Buddha's practice). "Pāra" — (the meaning of perfect fulfillment and supremacy). "Gate pārasaṃ" — (the meaning of harmony and union). "Gate bodhi svāhā" — (the meaning of ultimateness; the meaning of perfection; the meaning of awakening with astonishment; the meaning of accomplishment; the meaning of profound mystery).
In my view, although there are two or three schools that interpret the meanings of the characters and phrases, the Dharma Master Ci'en (Kuiji) has already not translated them, making it clear that these are secret teachings and need not rely on exoteric interpretation. The meaning of the phrases may be as stated, but it is difficult to fully comprehend.
**Brief Commentary on the Heart Sūtra — End**
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## [Heart Sūtra Profound Commentary (Shingyō Yūsanshō), Volume 1, Part 1 (Hon)]
### [Page 1, Upper Section]
**Shingyō Yūsanshō, Volume 1 (Main)**
First, as to why this text is named "Yūsan" (Profound Commentary): the *Shingyō* (Heart Sūtra) is called *yū* (profound/hidden), and the present commentary (*疏*) is called *san* (praise/illumination). [The Heart Sūtra has] seventeen lines per page and a total of 276 characters. The language is brief and condensed, and the meaning and principle are profound and far-reaching. Before the unwise, it is difficult to understand. Therefore the Heart Sūtra is called *yū*. The present commentary assists [the reader] in opening up and understanding its meaning and principles. Therefore it is called *san*. *San* means "to assist." Moreover, *yū* carries the meaning of "subtle and profound" (*yūgen*) and also is a word of praise and admiration. The present commentary is subtle and profound, hence it is named "Yūsan."
[The attribution] "Composed by Dacheng Ji" (大乗基撰): [Kuiji] was a disciple of the Tripiṭaka Master Xuanzang. In many cases under "Great Vehicle" (大乗), a single-character name is given, as in "Dacheng Guang" (大乗光) and similar. In general, this Great Master had two names: either "Ji" (基) or "Hongdao" (弘道). "Ji" is his personal name (*huī*), which others do not use to address him. "Hongdao" is his courtesy name (*zì*), which others do use. The fact that he is popularly known as the "Great Master Ci'en" is not his own personal name; it is the name of the monastery where he resided. In the Tang capital, there were five monasteries to the left and right of the royal city — ten great monasteries in all. The Great Ci'en Monastery (大慈恩寺) was a monastery on the left side. This monastery was formerly a nunnery. When Emperor Gaozong was Crown Prince, he founded the monastery for his mother, Empress Wende. Because the monastery was established to repay the grace of a compassionate mother, it was named "Ci'en" (Grace of Compassion). Tripiṭaka Master Xuanzang resided in this monastery, because he was the object of reverence for both Emperor Taizong and Emperor Gaozong. As the Great Master was his disciple, he likely resided in this monastery as well. Xuanzang took the Eleven-Faced Guanyin as his principal devotional image and the Heart Sūtra as his scripture of recitation. His prayerful contemplation was exceedingly deep, and he translated a great many sacred texts. The principal deity Guanyin manifested as the Great Master Ci'en and spread the Dharma teachings of the Tripiṭaka. That the Great Master was an incarnation of the Eleven-
### [Lower Section]
Faced [Guanyin] is recorded in the private notes of Jōkei of Kojima. Furthermore, the hand-gesture (mudrā) is also clearly documented.
That "Commentary says" (*san yue* 賛曰) is placed at the very beginning of the commentary, though it is unusual, is because it is for the purpose of expounding the title; therefore there is no problem. The reason the title is cited first is that the origin [of the text] is separated [from the commentary], and therefore the phrase "Commentary says" is placed [before the text].
"Commentary says: 'Now, for the sake of sentient beings... [up to] the subtle principle is something that the wise ought to understand'" — this expresses the reason for composing the present commentary.
"Now, for the sake of sentient beings... [up to] mutually arising attachment and rejection" — this reveals the capacities (*ki*, spiritual faculties) of those being addressed. There are four types here: "those obscured by habitual defilements" are ordinary beings (*異生*, *pṛthagjana*). "Those who reverently receive heterodox teachings" are non-Buddhist practitioners (*外道*, *tīrthika*). "Those who slander Mahāyāna... [up to] mutually giving rise to aversion and longing" are Hīnayāna practitioners. "[Even those] who seek liberation but cannot comprehend it" — this again refers to ordinary beings, non-Buddhists, and Hīnayāna practitioners [combined], [in the sense that]: "even while seeking liberation, in the degenerate age there are no good spiritual friends; evil teachers transmit [teachings] wrongly; disciples study in confusion. With large sūtras they become discouraged and do not seek them; with abbreviated sūtras they may delight in them but still cannot understand them."
**Question:** If the Hīnayāna practitioners slander Mahāyāna, how is it that among them there are those who become attached to the teaching of emptiness and give rise to longing for it? Is it not because the teaching of emptiness is entirely a Mahāyāna teaching?
**Answer:** Within the Hīnayāna there are two types. The "foolish-dharma type" (*愚法類*) slanders Mahāyāna. The "non-foolish-dharma type" (*不愚法類*), even without understanding the teaching of emptiness, believes in it. Or [alternatively], they become attached to the teaching of existence (*有教*), while toward the teaching of emptiness they do not generate attachment but rather generate aversion.
**Question:** Then why is the word "mutual" (*互*) used?
**Answer:** Toward one [teaching] they give rise to aversion, and toward the other they give rise to longing. It is in this way that "mutual" is used.
**Question:** What is meant by "liberation" (*shutsuyō*, 出要)?
**Answer:** Ordinary beings, non-Buddhist practitioners, and others seek nirvāṇa; the Hīnayāna practitioners seek the Great [Vehicle]...