英語訳
【Right Page】
【Top right margin】384
【Right margin top】Kakumushō Hoketsu Hōmon, Volume 1
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【Upper Section】
Thus it is said: "Certainly as objected. How could there be no such aspect? However, the present interpretation perhaps points to the seventh self regarding temporal grasping alone."
Copied on the 25th day of the 7th month of Hōji 2 [1248]
Monk Ryōhen
Four Types of Speech - Eighth Meaning Lamp
Seeing, hearing, awareness, and knowing are the causes of speech. That is, because one sees, one speaks of it. Up to: because one knows, one gives rise to speech. Therefore, they become the four types of speech. However, these four are generally abbreviated to two: first is knowing, second is awareness. All direct perception is called "knowing." All inference and non-valid cognition are called "awareness." If we discuss their inclusion regarding the eight consciousnesses, the fifth and eighth consciousnesses entirely, and one portion of the sixth consciousness are included in knowing. The seventh consciousness entirely and one portion of the sixth consciousness are included in awareness. However, regarding this one, dividing "seeing" out from knowing as the first, and extracting "hearing" from awareness as the second, makes them four. The present meaning is that seeing is superior within knowing, therefore it is divided out. Hearing is superior within awareness, therefore it is also divided out. Why are they superior? Within the function of evidential knowing, the eye seeing external forms is most distant and clear. Within the function of discerning observation, listening and hearing from others has the strongest discriminating meaning. Therefore, they are divided out. If we speak of consciousness names, seeing is eye consciousness, hearing is mental consciousness. Therefore, when dividing them, when speaking of awareness, this is independent mental consciousness that does not hear, smell, touch, or directly know. Knowing refers to the five sense consciousnesses accompanying mental consciousness, the eighth mind-group, various meditative minds, and various contaminated minds. Question: Why is hearing not divided within knowing? The ear
【Lower Section】
root hears sound, ear consciousness is able to know, and because of this gives rise to speech, just as because of the eye seeing, speech arises. Also, why is seeing not divided out within awareness? Mental consciousness arises depending on the eye, cognizes forms and discriminates, deliberates and observes, and because of this gives rise to speech, just as depending on the ear hearing, the mind discriminates. Also, these present four can give rise to speech. How can the fifth and eighth consciousnesses give rise to speech? Also, in the Meaning Lamp, citing the Abhidharma Commentary, it clearly explains their essence. Speaking now regarding ultimate truth, seeing, etc. are not sense faculties, nor are they consciousness, etc. Because they arise from various conditions, perish momentarily, and have no function. Due to harmonious combination, they are provisionally named "seeing," etc. According to conventional truth, seeing, etc. are sense faculties, not those consciousnesses, etc., because they possess the five characteristics.
Question: Do the present four therefore take consciousness? Also citing the root treatise: "The two types seeing and knowing are included in direct perception. Awareness refers to inference. Hearing is scriptural authority."
Question: Can it also extend to non-valid cognition? Also, what is the essence of scriptural authority? Answer: The present brief investigation is precisely evidential meaning. One must necessarily examine the before and after of this section together. My understanding says: If discussed completely, it would be immeasurable. Why would it be only that much? Yet now establishing them as four types of speech is due to this intention. However, within what speech refers to, there should be near and far. Although the fifth and eighth consciousnesses do not directly give rise to speech, like mental consciousness they can distantly give rise to it, therefore they are included. Next, that seeing, etc. are sense faculties and not those consciousnesses, etc.—is this discussing the dharma essence that can truly see, hear, etc.? The present meaning is that being named "sense faculties," the five characteristics are superior to consciousness, etc., therefore taking the five material sense faculties as the essence of being able to see, etc. Although consciousness has the characteristics of seeing, etc., selecting and taking what is properly superior—this is the meaning. If not so, at the time of awareness and knowing,
【Left Page】
【Top left margin】385
【Left margin top】Kakumushō Hoketsu Hōmon, Volume 1
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【Upper Section】
how could the essence of seeing, due to material sense faculties, also take root and consciousness? However, taking sense faculties as fundamental, what contradiction would there be? Therefore the Meaning Lamp says: "Knowing refers to ear, nose, tongue, body, etc." If regarding the essence of seeing one does not take eye consciousness, why within the essence of knowing would one uniquely exclude eye consciousness? The essence of hearing is merely the function of hearing sound. Although it exists in ear sense faculty and ear consciousness, establishing the name "hearing speech" now is because it was originally separated out from awareness, therefore not taking ear sense faculty, not taking ear consciousness. This principle is as above. Next, that the essence of awareness speech extends to non-valid cognition—in various passages of the Lamp, sometimes it says "awareness" refers to independent mental consciousness and seventh consciousness that do not depend on seeing, etc. When it speaks only of inference, this speaks of manas depending on mental consciousness. Also being able to encompass everything completely. Mental consciousness arising after the five consciousnesses that is not inference is also included in this awareness. It merely raises independent [consciousness] to clarify superiority, therefore if not so, one would then hear this mental consciousness. Sometimes it says the two types hearing and awareness extend to inference and non-valid cognition. The interpretation is clear. Understanding the root treatise's explanation takes clarity. Not taking ear consciousness—this principle is as above. Next, scriptural authority is sometimes only inference, sometimes extends to direct perception. This is different interpretations by scholars. This is precisely because interpretations are not uniform. According to the present Lamp, it is only inference. If according to texts like the Essentials of Logic, does it extend to direct perception? Maintaining this interpretation? Reconciling the Lamp: this discusses the general characteristics of most worldly non-Buddhists, etc. temporarily. If based on complete true meaning, that "direct" refers to tenth-ground bodhisattvas, etc., in uncontaminated mind, hearing Buddha's teaching, understanding names and meanings with direct perception mind. This is also included in scriptural authority. If based on this meaning, then hearing speech should extend to direct perception. However, it is still direct perception of mental consciousness. One should not take ear sense faculty and consciousness as its essence.
【Lower Section】
Because measuring and knowing doctrinal meaning is the defining characteristic of hearing speech, ear consciousness lacks this function, therefore one should consider this. Question: Since you already permit extending to direct [perception], why strongly reject ear sense faculties, etc.? Answer: Depending on doctrinal explanations, determining the essence of the four types of speech. Therefore, the characteristics of hearing speech explained in doctrine are based on inference, only taking the mind that discriminates names and meanings, therefore explaining extension to direct [perception]. Should one not refute these defining characteristics? Therefore interpretation is precisely as seen here. Question: Because of eye sense faculty, consciousness sees form. Through this mental consciousness, speech arises. The seen meaning is called "seeing speech." If so, similarly depending on ear sense faculty, ear consciousness hears sound. Through this mental consciousness, speech arises. The heard meaning should be "hearing speech." Why is this not so? Answer: Within interpretations, this principle is not present. One should know that doctrinal establishment and rejection are fixed, therefore not reaching private speculation. If outside doctrinal explanation one establishes hearing speech oneself, would this be a separate matter? Question: If so, why are doctrinal explanations thus fixed? Answer: This meaning is as above. Opening hearing from awareness reveals the reason for manifesting its superior capacity.
Copied and completed on the 1st day of the 9th month of Hōji 2 [1248]
Monk Ryōhen
Around the 3rd month of Tenbun 6 (Year of the Fire Rooster [1537]), commissioned someone to copy, completed
9th month of Bunsei 6 (Year of the Water Sheep [1823]), copied using the stored text of Shūnan-in within Kōfuku-ji temple grounds, completed
【Following transcribed from "Ōri Daijō Dentsū Yōroku Two Volumes" Frame 1, Right Page】
【Upper Section】
Set aside the writing brush at the south window of Shingon-in, Tōdai-ji temple in the southern capital. At that time, the first watch of the 10th day of the 9th month
Mountain scholar of Noyama, Honjō Shinsui
Copied using the above text
At that time, the 10th day of the 6th month of Tenpō 11 (Year of the Metal Rat [1840])
Collated and completed on the 5th day of the 7th month of the same year
Noyama Nankei
Jishō-in resident Yūkei (Age 35)
Obtained Kei's collated text and copied it. The time was the 6th day of the 12th month of Tenpō 12, Year of the Metal Ox [1841]
At a traveler's lodge on Mōjō Street in Sanshū
Kōhō junior scholar Ryōzui (Age 26)
Upper ten days of the 10th month of Tenpō 13 (Year of the Water Tiger [1842]), depending on the commentary of wise teacher Kenshi of Chisan in the capital, during a holiday from lectures, copied and obtained at the Gokuraku residence of the upper house on Shimodera-machi
Resource of Shiri-rieki-in, Kame-ryō-shi of Sanshū
Ryūjō (Respectfully written)
Because I lectured on the Forest of Meanings Chapter, borrowing and seeking this book from a certain bookshop, relying on more than twenty
【Lower Section】
members of the audience to copy, staying overnight until the work was completed, hastily collating beside the lecture hall to correct disorder and omissions. Should this be initially examined?
The auspicious day of the 4th month of the year Tenpō 14 (Year of the Water Rabbit [1843])
Chisan branch Daichi-ji resident
Jinmyō