英語訳
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distinction. That is, the previous essence-meaning and its meaning both have universal-particular aspects. Individual and common characteristics have no separate essence as described above. All scriptures and treatises clearly explain this universally. Third is the designation-non-designation contrast. What is non-designated is called "inherent nature." What is designated by conventional language is called "distinction." In texts like Vijñānavāda, the inherent nature of all dharmas is such that both provisional cognition and designation are not objects of cognition. Therefore, it encompasses the previous two. If designated by conventional language, all are called "common characteristics." If not designated by conventional language, they are called "inherent nature." Fourth is the name-sentence contrast. What names designate is called "individual characteristics." What sentences designate is called "distinctions." As stated in Vijñānavāda and other texts: names designate inherent nature, sentences designate distinctions. This also encompasses the first two designation essences. Excluding general names, [names] designate inherent nature and meaning. Sentences designate distinction-names. Viewed together in relation to the third contrast, names and sentence-bodies all designate common characteristics. Through the characteristic of proliferation, they can extend to others and are not individual characteristics of the two. Therefore, they are called "common." Excluding the principles of logic, this encompasses all explanations completely.
Various Types of Bondage Distinctions
The fifth volume of Meaning Lamp states: Sometimes two bondages are explained—first, corresponding bondage; second, object-bondage. Also, two bondages are explained—first, subject-bondage; second, object-bondage. Also, two bondages are explained—first, characteristic bondage; second, gross bondage. When the cognizing consciousness and mental factors occur simultaneously with afflictions, they cannot achieve autonomy because they are bound by corresponding dharmas. "Corresponding" is itself bondage—this is a possessive compound name. When cognizing consciousness and mental factors are constrained by objects, this is called "object-bondage." This extends to dharma-grasping mind. Subject-bondage means the bound objects are bound by the cognizing mind, like the name "ālaya." Characteristic bondage means the mind is constrained by characteristics and is called "characteristic bondage." There are three types of characteristic bondage. First, (according to Sthiramati's mind-theory, abbreviated here). Second, merely having contaminated characteristics is called "characteristic bondage." Excluding only the uncontaminated, it extends to the eight
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consciousnesses. First, regarding dharma-grasping, because one does not understand illusion-like nature, one grasps it as existent. First, regarding self-grasping, if one simply does not understand illusion-like nature, it becomes characteristic bondage. Therefore, it extends to dharma-grasping. If illusions do not understand their illusion-like nature, they remain bound in saṃsāra. This is called "characteristic bondage," existing only in self-grasping. Third, regarding practicing the six perfections, the characteristics of the three spheres exist only in the sixth consciousness's self-grasping corresponding consciousness's object-characteristics. From this, one cannot achieve the other shore. If so, all wholesome minds lack self-grasping. Practicing perfections is wholesome, so there should be no characteristic bondage. Answer: Speaking of intermixture, one cannot eliminate characteristics. Regarding gross bondage, summarizing various texts, there are four types of grossness: first, currently active contaminated minds and mental factors—the twenty-four types of grossness explained in the Abhidharmasamuccaya; second, current manifestations of the two hindrances; third, seeds of the two hindrances; fourth, habitual energies of the two hindrances. Alternatively, regarding current manifestations, this generally explains contaminated minds and dharmas of the three natures. The same should apply to seeds. Since wholesome and morally neutral seeds have somewhat hidden gross meanings, various [texts] do not explain them briefly. According to what is appropriate, all practice calm-abiding and insight to eliminate them. Question: Is "characteristic bondage" afflictive hindrance or cognitive hindrance? Answer: What fault would there be either way? Both have problems. If through afflictive hindrances, the contaminated mental states of śrāvakas and pratyekabuddhas who are beyond learning should have no characteristic bondage, since self-grasping is eliminated. If through cognitive hindrances, post-enlightenment wisdom realizing personal emptiness should have characteristic bondage. There are two explanations. First: through cognitive hindrances. If so, post-attainment [wisdom] realizing personal emptiness should be bound. Answer: Because it does not correspond, according to Sthiramati's interpretation, this is correct. Second: taking afflictive hindrances as the essence of characteristic bondage. If so, the contaminated wholesome and neutral minds of śrāvakas and pratyekabuddhas beyond learning should have no characteristic bondage. Answer: Because this aspect-portion's essence is contaminated, being led by that to perfume seeds into existence. Now, although the essence of that self-grasping is completely eliminated, it is due to having characteristic bondage. However, the essence of dharma-grasping is not
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proper characteristic bondage—having characteristics, it serves as support for that self-grasping to arise, so this is auxiliary characteristic bondage. The scattered wholesome states and neutral minds of those beyond learning also have this auxiliary [bondage] and have not yet separated from characteristic bondage. Post-attainment [wisdom] realizing personal emptiness, though having that auxiliary, lacks the characteristics perfumed by past contaminated [states]. Both proper and auxiliary bondage and post-attainment [wisdom] realizing personal emptiness, though having that auxiliary, lack characteristics perfumed by past contaminated [states]. Being proper and auxiliary bondage, one can say they are absent. This interpretation is correct. However, grasping the three-sphere characteristics exists only in the sixth consciousness. The fifth and eighth are spontaneous, and the eighth cognizes internally. If contaminated characteristics each become characteristic bondage, then it extends to all eight consciousnesses. (The essential points before and after still have aspects not completely exhausted that can be seen.) I ask privately: Is the essence of characteristic bondage the afflictive hindrance or is it the aspect-portion? If it is afflictive hindrance, since it is already the cognizing [subject], why call it "characteristic bondage"? Why do interpretations also take the aspect-portion? If it is the aspect-portion, why speak of "afflictions as essence," etc.? Answer: Characteristic bondage refers to contaminated aspect-portions and is not the afflictive hindrances of cognizing [subjects]. However, causing the source of aspect-portion bondage to exist, it returns to the fault of cognizing afflictive hindrances. Understanding that source essence, there are two interpretations. Right and wrong are as in the text. Question: If so, the cognizing [subject] in turn obtains itself. Why does the aspect-portion have the power to bind? The essence and function of aspect-portions are originally illusion-like. Not understanding this principle, one cannot achieve autonomy. This is simply a failure of mind, not a failure of objects. Answer: Speaking of the original cause, it is as objected. Now, without progression, directly pointing to what binds, therefore [it is] the aspect-portion. That is, the cognizing mind, corresponding with the two graspings, cannot understand and penetrate illusion-like meaning. Repeatedly grasping as real self and dharmas, the transformed aspect-portions appear similar to reality. Since they seem real, they can bind the perceiving portion, making it not autonomous. This is the meaning of aspect-portions binding perception. Question: If so, is that binding portion now in the grasped or in the other-dependent? Answer: The object's power to bind properly exists in the other-
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dependent. The mind's lack of autonomy is due to carrying the grasped. That is, seeming real, one becomes confused by this and grasps reality. Due to grasping reality, one is not autonomous. Question: If so, does this bondage exist only in minds where the two graspings currently manifest? Answer: Not so. All contaminated minds, etc., carry this characteristic bondage. The reason this is so is that the false perfuming power of self and dharma grasping in the sixth and seventh consciousnesses serves as the root source, so all seem like self and dharmas and all become false sentiments. Even if the fifth and eighth consciousnesses have subtle delusion, they all carry the seeds and types that are offshoots of grasping, so although there are differences in coarseness, subtlety, lightness, and heaviness, there is no time when they do not carry characteristic bondage. If not so, by what means would one not understand illusion-like phenomena? Question: If so, does the characteristic bondage of three-sphere grasping also exist in wholesome mental states like giving? Answer: Because that is heaviest, it intermixes before and after—it is not present in wholesome [states]. What exists in wholesome states is precisely that pervasive characteristic bondage. Question: Do aspect-portions seem real due to previous perfuming power or due to the false understanding of the current moment's cognizing [subject]? Answer: Due to perfuming they seem; seeming, [there is] false understanding. Due to understanding they seem; seeming, [there is] perfuming. It has been thus since beginningless time—what is before, what is after? Depending on capacity and following time, explaining this has no fault. Question: Regarding present characteristic bondage, among the self [concepts] of the sixth and seventh, by which self [is it caused]? Answer: Judging and considering, probably general characteristic bondage is due to the seventh's self. Though three-sphere characteristic bondage is also due to the seventh, properly speaking it refers to the sixth. Therefore, the above text in the Lamp says: "Thus speaking of 'characteristic bondage,' it exists in both types: first, extending to all characteristics, due to the seventh's self; second, grasping three-sphere characteristics—though also due to the seventh, properly speaking it refers to the sixth." Question: Judging accordingly, why does general characteristic bondage exclusively and solely derive from the seventh's self? In wholesome mental states and such positions, though lacking the sixth's externally-oriented self, doesn't it also derive from this profound power when extracting mixed self intermittently arising and mixing that [self] so the cognizing [subject] binds that [object]? Answer: My reasoning suggests...