英語訳
## Right Page (Zoku Hossō-shū Shoshin Ryakuyō, Lower Volume — Section 4)
### [Upper Section]
One should understand [all of the above]. The broad outline of distinguishing the four divisions within the eight consciousnesses is as set forth above.
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### The Matter of the Two Truths (*Nitai*, 二諦)
Our school [the Hossō/Yogācāra school] establishes **Four Levels of the Two Truths** (*shijū nikai*, 四重二諦). These are, respectively, the Four Levels of Conventional Truth (*sezoku*, 世俗) and the Four Levels of Ultimate Truth (*shōgi*, 勝義).
The Four Levels of Conventional Truth are as follows:
1. **Worldly conventional truth** (*seken sezoku*, 世間世俗): things such as pots, bowls, and so forth.
2. **Reasoned conventional truth** (*dōri sezoku*, 道理世俗): the five aggregates (*skandha*, 五蘊), the twelve sense-fields (*āyatana*, 十二処), the eighteen elements (*dhātu*, 十八界), and so forth.
3. **Realized conventional truth** (*shōtoku sezoku*, 証得世俗): the Four Noble Truths of suffering, arising, cessation, and the path.
4. **Supreme conventional truth** (*shōgi sezoku*, 勝義世俗): the twofold emptiness (*niku*, 二空) and suchness (*tathatā*, 真如).
The Four Levels of Ultimate Truth are as follows:
1. **Worldly ultimate truth** (*seken shōgi*, 世間勝義): the three categories (*sankō*, 三科) of the five aggregates and so forth.
2. **Reasoned ultimate truth** (*dōri shōgi*, 道理勝義): the Four Noble Truths of suffering and so forth.
3. **Realized ultimate truth** (*shōtoku shōgi*, 証得勝義): the twofold emptiness and suchness.
4. **Supreme ultimate truth** (*shōgi shōgi*, 勝義勝義): the principle of the one true *dharmadhātu* (*ichishin hōkai*, 一真法界).
This [schema of] abolishing and establishing [levels of truth] is an explanation combining [the perspectives of] the Three Vehicles. *(Please consult the commentary for the interpretation.)*
If one discusses this as applying solely to the bodhisattva (*bosatsu*, 菩薩), then:
- Real self (*jitsunga*, 実我) and real dharmas (*jitsuhō*, 実法) — [illusory entities like] pots, armies, and forests — constitute the **first conventional truth**.
- The ten skillful means (*jissen-gyō*, 十善巧) of the three categories, the Four Noble Truths, and so forth constitute the **second conventional / first ultimate truth**.
- The three natures (*sansho*, 三性), naturelessness (*mushō*, 無性), and the principle of Consciousness-Only (*yuishiki*, 唯識), and so forth constitute the **third conventional / second ultimate truth**.
- The twofold emptiness and suchness constitute the **fourth conventional / third ultimate truth**.
- The principle of the one true *dharmadhātu* through the twofold emptiness constitutes the **fourth ultimate truth**.
Therefore, when dharmas are discussed, there are **five levels**. Since truth and convention are mutually dependent [*Note: the marginal annotation suggests "形" (resemble/oppose) may be an error for "依" (depend upon)], these interrelated distinctions extend to **eight levels** [in total]. That is: the ultimate necessarily depends upon the conventional to be "ultimate," and the conventional necessarily depends upon the ultimate to be "conventional."
"Ultimate truth" (*shin*, 真) refers to the inner reality (*jitsu*, 実) of a given phenomenon. If there were no such phenomenon, of what would it be the inner reality? Hence, the ultimate is the "home-ultimate" belonging to the conventional. "Conventional truth" (*zoku*, 俗) refers to the construction (*ke*, 假) erected upon the real (*jitsu*, 実). If there were no such real [*Note: the annotation suggests that "者" may have dropped out after "実"], of what would it be a construction? Hence, the conventional is the "home-conventional" belonging to the ultimate.
Accordingly, within conventional phenomena there is necessarily an ultimate principle, and within the ultimate principle there are necessarily conventional phenomena. If one [of the pair] is lacking, both are necessarily lost. No dharma can stand independently. This is called the **Dharma-gate of mutual dependence of ultimate and conventional** (*shinsoku sōi no hōmon*, 真俗相依法門).
That being the case: relying upon the **first conventional**, one establishes the **second ultimate**; relying upon the **first ultimate**, one establishes the **first conventional**. That is to say, the three categories, the Four Noble Truths, and so forth, compared to the imagined [entities] such as armies and forests, are somewhat deeper in principle — and this is true even of the first ultimate, so how much more so the remaining two levels. Therefore, relying upon the first conventional, one collectively establishes **four ultimates**.
### [Lower Section]
Next, relying upon the **second conventional**, one establishes the **second ultimate**; relying upon the **second ultimate**, one establishes the **second conventional**. That is, the three natures and so forth, compared to the three categories and so forth, are progressively deeper in principle — and this is true even at the second ultimate, so how much more so at the subsequent two levels. Therefore, relying upon the second conventional, one collectively establishes **three ultimates**.
Next, relying upon the **third conventional**, one establishes the **third ultimate**; relying upon the **third ultimate**, one establishes the **third conventional**. That is, the twofold-emptiness suchness, compared to the three natures and so forth, is still deeper in principle — and this holds even for the third ultimate, so how much more so for the remaining level. Therefore, relying upon the third conventional, one collectively establishes **two ultimates**.
Next, relying upon the **fourth conventional**, one establishes the **fourth ultimate**; relying upon the **fourth ultimate**, one establishes the **fourth conventional**. That is, the principle of the one true *dharmadhātu*, compared to the twofold-emptiness suchness, is the deepest in principle of all. Therefore, relying upon the fourth conventional, one establishes the final **one ultimate**.
Thus, in the five levels of dharmas: the **first level** is solely conventional, not ultimate; the **fourth ultimate** is solely ultimate [while being grounded in] the conventional; the **three middle levels** are both ultimate and conventional. The above has been discussed proceeding from the shallow to the deep.
If one proceeds from the deep to the shallow: relying upon the fourth ultimate, one collectively establishes **four conventionals**; relying upon the four conventionals, one establishes only **one ultimate**. The "four conventionals, one ultimate" of the root treatise refers to this approach. The rest may be understood by analogy.
Now, these eight levels are condensed into **four pairs of mutual opposition**:
1. **Existence vs. Non-existence** (*umū sōtai*, 有無相対): The first conventional is "non-existent," since real self and real dharmas have no intrinsic nature. From the three categories up to the one reality (*ichijitsu*, 一実) is called "nominally existent" (*sōu*, 相有), since the dependent and perfected natures (*enichinishō*, 依円二性) have real substance.
2. **Phenomenon vs. Principle** (*jiri sōtai*, 事理相対): Discussed within the prior [category of] "existence." The five aggregates and so forth are "phenomena" (*ji*, 事), being the substantial phenomena of dharmas. From the Four Noble Truths onward
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## Left Page (Zoku Hossō-shū Shoshin Ryakuyō, Lower Volume — Section 5)
### [Upper Section]
...to the one reality is "nature/principle" (*shō*, 性), being the profound principle of dharmas.
3. **Shallow vs. Deep** (*sendin sōtai*, 浅深相対): Opened out within the preceding "principle." The Four Noble Truths and so forth are "shallow," their principle being comparatively accessible. The twofold emptiness and one reality are "deep," their principle being still more profound.
4. **Expression vs. Intent** (*senshi sōtai*, 詮旨相対) [*Note: the annotation suggests "自" may be a scribal error for "旨"]: Opened out within the preceding. The twofold-emptiness suchness is the "expression" (*sen*, 詮), since it relies upon the gateway of the two no-self teachings to manifest dharma-nature. The one reality is the "intent" (*shi*, 旨), since [here] both mind and words are exhausted, and [the text] points directly at dharma-nature.
To take blue color as an example, and to exhaust what is ultimately real in it, there are **four levels**:
- To attach to it as substantially existent — the appearance arising before one's subjective mind — this is the **first conventional**. Since its intrinsic nature is entirely absent, we shall not discuss [the first conventional] for now.
- The illusory blue color is the **second conventional / first ultimate**.
- The principle of cause and effect within that color is the **third conventional / second ultimate**.
- The suchness of the twofold no-self within that principle is the **fourth conventional / third ultimate**.
- Abandoning the expression within that suchness and speaking of the intent (*shi*) — this is the **fourth ultimate**.
All other dharmas follow this pattern. Turning toward a single sentient being: to attach to the apparent [self] as real, to attach to that person's form, smell, and so forth as real — these are, respectively, real self and real dharmas. These constitute the **first conventional**. The five aggregates [of that being], [understood as] illusory, are the **second conventional / first ultimate**. The remaining levels follow by analogy.
These five levels may be condensed into the **three natures** (*sansho*, 三性):
- The first conventional is the **imagined nature** (*parikalpita*, 遍計所執性).
- The three categories, the Four Noble Truths, and so forth are the **dependent nature** (*paratantra*, 依他起性). [*Annotation: As for the unconditioned and the twofold-emptiness suchness, we provisionally take the transformation of consciousness (識変) as the dependent nature.*]
- The one-reality principle is the **perfected nature** (*pariniṣpanna*, 円成実性).
Or they may be condensed into **phenomenon, principle, and suchness** (*ji, ri, nyo*, 事・理・如):
- The five aggregates and so forth are "phenomenon" (*ji*).
- Suffering, arising, and so forth are "principle" (*ri*).
- The one reality is "suchness" (*nyo*).
As for the twofold-emptiness suchness: discussed in terms of the transformation of consciousness, it is "principle"; discussed in terms of the original substrate, it is "suchness."
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### The Three Natures of the Eight Consciousness-Groups (*hassō-ju sansho*, 八識聚三性)
The **single group of the eighth consciousness**: throughout the causal stage (*in-i*, 因位), it is solely neutral and unobscured (*anivṛtāvyākṛta*, 無覆無記) — specifically, the retributive neutral (*vipāka-avyākṛta*, 異熟無記). It does not extend to any other nature whatsoever.
The **single group of the seventh consciousness**: throughout the causal stage, it is solely obscured and neutral (*nivṛtāvyākṛta*, 有覆無記). It does not extend to any other nature whatsoever.
The **single group of the sixth consciousness**: it extends to all three [natures]. At some times a single group is entirely wholesome (*kuśala*, 覆); at other times a single group is entirely unwholesome. Among the non-obscured [neutral mental factors], the four [kinds of] neutral [mental factors] should also be understood by analogy. The five sense consciousnesses, each as a single group, likewise extend to the three natures, and should be understood by analogy with the sixth consciousness. However, among the non-obscured [states], minds such as those of deportment (*iriyā-patha*, 威儀) probably cannot arise [in the five sense consciousnesses]. In general, the nature of all mental phenomena (*citta*) and mental factors (*caitasika*) within a single group must necessarily be the same. This is what is meant by the saying: "all associated dharmas necessarily share the same nature," and "actions (*karma*) are necessarily the same."
### [Lower Section]
All pure (*anāsrava*, 無漏) mental phenomena and mental factors are entirely wholesome.
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### Interaction of Attachment with the Eight Consciousness-Groups (*hassō-ju shūsōō*, 八識聚執相應)
The groups of the **five sense consciousnesses** and the **eighth consciousness**: at all times they are entirely without attachment. The **single group of the seventh consciousness**: at all times it constantly has attachment — except in the pure stage (*murō*, 無漏). The **sixth consciousness**: at some times it has attachment, at other times it does not. In the pure [stage], it is entirely without attachment.
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### Presence or Absence of the Eight Consciousnesses in the Nine Grounds (*hassō kyūji unmu*, 八識九時地有無)
The **seventh and eighth consciousnesses**: sentient beings throughout the three realms (*triloka*, 三界) and nine grounds (*bhūmi*, 九地) all possess them. Their associated mental factors (*caitasika*, 心所) are likewise without difference.
The **sixth consciousness**: sentient beings throughout the three realms and nine grounds all possess it. As for its associated mental factors, there are differences depending on location:
- Among the eleven wholesome [mental factors], the single factor of **pliancy** (*prasrabdhi*, 軽安) is absent in the desire realm (*kāmadhātu*, 欲界).
- Among the six root afflictions (*kleśa*, 煩悩), the affliction of **aversion/anger** (*pratigha*, 瞋) is absent in the upper realms (form and formless realms).
- Among the secondary afflictions (*upakleśa*, 随煩惱): the seven **minor secondary afflictions** [excluding *śāṭhya* (諂, dissembling), *māyā* (誑, deceit), and *mada* (憍, conceit)], and the **two middle secondary afflictions**, are absent throughout the three realms.
- Among the minor [secondary afflictions], [the missing character] and the two dharmas of deceit (*māyā*, 誑) and dissembling (*śāṭhya*, 諂) are absent in the formless realm. [*Annotation: Deceit and dissembling extend through the form realm — the annotation suggests "与者" is an inversion — up to the first *dhyāna*, it seems.*]