英語訳
## Right Page (Zoku Hossō-shū Shoshin Ryakuyō, Lower Volume — Section 4)
### [Upper Section]
One should understand the above. The discrimination of the four divisions within the eight consciousnesses is, in general outline, as described above.
---
### On the Two Truths (*Niti*, 二諦)
Our school (the Hossō school) establishes the Four-Level Two Truths (*shijū niti*, 四重二諦). These are the four levels of conventional truth (*sezoku*, 世俗, *saṃvṛtisatya*) and the four levels of ultimate truth (*shōgi*, 勝義, *paramārthasatya*).
The four levels of conventional truth are as follows: (1) "Worldly conventional truth" (*seken sezoku*, 世間世俗) — things such as jars and basins; (2) "Reasoned conventional truth" (*dōri sezoku*, 道理世俗) — the five aggregates (*skandha*, 五蘊), twelve sense-fields (*āyatana*, 十二処), eighteen elements (*dhātu*, 十八界), and so forth; (3) "Realized conventional truth" (*shōtoku sezoku*, 証得世俗) — the four noble truths (*catvāri-āryasatyāni*, 四諦): suffering, arising, cessation, and path; (4) "Ultimately conventional truth" (*shōgi sezoku*, 勝義世俗) — the two emptinesses (*dvaya-śūnyatā*, 二空) and suchness (*tathatā*, 真如).
Next, the four levels of ultimate truth: (1) "Worldly ultimate truth" (*seken shōgi*, 世間勝義) — the three categories (*sankō*, 三科): the five aggregates and so forth; (2) "Reasoned ultimate truth" (*dōri shōgi*, 道理勝義) — the four noble truths, suffering and so forth; (3) "Realized ultimate truth" (*shōtoku shōgi*, 証得勝義) — the two emptinesses and suchness; (4) "Ultimate ultimate truth" (*shōgi shōgi*, 勝義勝義) — the principle of the one true dharma-realm (*ichishin hōkai*, 一真法界).
Now, this system of establishing and setting aside [these categories of truth] is explained through the combined teachings of the three vehicles (*sanjō*, 三乗) — (see the commentary for the full explanation). If one discusses [these] with reference to the bodhisattva alone, then real self (*jitsuga*, 実我) and real dharmas (*jittsu-hō*, 実法) — jars, armies, forests, etc. — constitute the first conventional truth. The three categories, four noble truths, and the ten skillful means (*jūzengyō*, 十善巧) constitute the second conventional and first ultimate truth. The three natures (*trisvabhāva*, 三性), the three non-natures (*trisvabhāva-niḥsvabhāva*, 無性), the principle of consciousness-only (*vijñaptimātratā*, 唯識理), and so forth, constitute the third conventional and second ultimate truth. The two emptinesses and suchness together constitute the fourth conventional and third ultimate truth. The principle of the one true dharma-realm of the two emptinesses constitutes the fourth ultimate truth. Therefore, when one discusses dharmas, there are five levels, and since the true and the conventional depend upon each other (*shōgi sezoku*, 形 is likely a scribal error for 依), the total from both sides reaches eight levels. That is to say: the true (*shin*, 真) must depend upon the conventional (*zoku*, 俗) in order to be "true"; the conventional must depend upon the true in order to be "conventional." The true is the inner reality (*jitsu*, 実) of things. If there were no such things, what would that reality be the reality *of*? Hence the true is the true that inheres within the conventional. The conventional is the provisional (*ke*, 仮) [designation] upon the real. If there were no such reality (Note: the character 者 may have dropped out after 実), what would that provisional be the provisional *of*? Hence the conventional is the conventional that inheres within the true. Therefore, within conventional phenomena there is always ultimate principle, and within ultimate principle there are always conventional phenomena. If one is absent, the other is necessarily lost as well. A dharma that stands alone is unobtainable. This is called the "doctrinal gate of mutual dependence between truth and convention" (*shinzoku sōi hōmon*, 真俗相依法門).
This being so, taking the first conventional as the basis, the second ultimate truth is established; and taking the first ultimate truth as the basis, the first conventional truth is established. That is, the three categories, the four noble truths, and so on, compared to the attachment-objects such as armies and forests, have a somewhat deeper principle — and so even the first ultimate truth is of this nature. How much more so the next two levels! Therefore, taking the initial conventional truth as a basis, all four ultimate truths are established in total.
### [Lower Section]
Next, taking the second conventional truth as a basis, the second ultimate truth is established; and taking the second ultimate truth as a basis, the second conventional truth is established. That is, the three natures and so forth, compared to the three categories and so forth, have a progressively deeper principle — and so even the second ultimate truth is of this nature. How much more so the subsequent two levels! Therefore, taking the second conventional truth as a basis, three ultimate truths in total are established.
Next, taking the third conventional truth as a basis, the third ultimate truth is established; and taking the third ultimate truth as a basis, the third conventional truth is established. That is, the two emptinesses and suchness, compared to the three natures and so forth, have an even deeper principle — and so even the third ultimate truth is of this nature. How much more so the subsequent one level! Therefore, taking the third conventional truth as a basis, two ultimate truths in total are established.
Next, taking the fourth conventional truth as a basis, the fourth ultimate truth is established; and taking the fourth ultimate truth as a basis, the fourth conventional truth is established. That is, the principle of the one true dharma-realm, compared to the two emptinesses and suchness, has the deepest principle of all. Therefore, taking the fourth conventional truth as a basis, the last one ultimate truth is established.
Given this, in the five-level system of dharmas: the first level is conventional only and not ultimate; the fourth level is ultimate [and] conventional [together]; and the three levels in between are both ultimate and conventional. The foregoing has discussed [the system] proceeding from the shallow to the deep.
If one proceeds from the deep to the shallow: taking the fourth ultimate truth as a basis, all four conventional truths are established in total; and taking the four conventional truths as a basis, only one ultimate truth is established. The "four conventional truths and one ultimate truth" of the root treatise refers precisely to this approach. The remainder should be understood accordingly.
Now, these eight levels are grouped into four pairs of counterparts (*sōtai*, 相対). The first is "existence versus non-existence" (*umu sōtai*, 有無相対): the initial conventional truth is treated as "non-existent" (since real self and real dharmas have no substantial nature whatsoever); from the three categories to the one reality (*ichijitsu*, 一実) is designated "existent in appearance" (*sōu*, 相有) (since the dependent nature and perfected nature have real substance). The second is "phenomenon versus principle" (*jiri sōtai*, 事理相対): this is discussed within the preceding "existent" [category]. That is, the five aggregates and so forth are treated as "phenomena" (*ji*, 事, since they are the phenomenal forms of dharmic substance), and from the four noble truths onwards...
---
## Left Page (Zoku Hossō-shū Shoshin Ryakuyō, Lower Volume — Section 5)
### [Upper Section]
...to the one reality is treated as "principle" (*ri*, 性/理) — since this is the profound principle of dharmas. The third is "shallow versus deep" (*senjin sōtai*, 浅深相対): this is opened up within the preceding "principle." That is, the four noble truths and so forth are treated as "shallow" (their principle being somewhat shallower), and the two emptinesses and the one reality are treated as "deep" (their principle being still deeper). The fourth is "express versus intent" (*senshi sōtai*, 詮旨相対) [Note: the character 自 is probably a scribal error for 旨]: this is opened up within the preceding "deep." That is, the two-emptiness suchness (*niku-shinnyō*, 二空真如) is treated as "express" (*sen*, 詮) — since it employs the doctrinal approach of the two-selflessnesses (*dvaya-nairātmya*, 二無我) to reveal the nature of dharmas (*dharmatā*, 法性) — and the one reality is treated as "intent" (*shi*, 旨) — since it directly indicates the nature of dharmas with words and thoughts both utterly cut off.
As a concrete example: when attending to the color blue in a single direction, if one exhausts its ultimate reality, there are four levels. Grasping it as something really existing, the appearance arising before one's perception — this is the initial conventional truth. Since its substantial nature is entirely nonexistent, we set it aside for now without further discussion. That illusory blue color [itself] is the second conventional and first ultimate truth. The principle of cause and effect within that color is the third conventional and second ultimate truth. The suchness of the two selflessnesses within that principle is the fourth conventional and third ultimate truth. Within that suchness, setting aside the express and speaking directly to the intent — this is the fourth ultimate truth. The remaining dharmas should be understood accordingly.
When turning to a single sentient being: grasping the apparent [self] as real, and grasping that person's form, odors, and so forth as real — this corresponds respectively to real-self (*jitsuga*, 実我) and real-dharmas (*jitsuhō*, 実法). This is the initial conventional truth. The illusory five aggregates [of that being] are the second conventional and first ultimate truth. The remaining levels follow accordingly.
Now, these five levels may be grouped according to the three natures (*trisvabhāva*, 三性): the first conventional truth is the "nature of pervasive imagination" (*parikalpita-svabhāva*, 遍計所執性). The three categories, four noble truths, etc. are the "dependent nature" (*paratantra-svabhāva*, 依他起性) [Note: □□ — regarding unconditioned dharmas and the two-emptiness suchness, one provisionally takes the transformation of consciousness as the dependent nature]. The principle of the one reality is the "perfected nature" (*pariniṣpanna-svabhāva*, 円成実性). Alternatively, grouping them as "phenomenon, principle, and suchness" (*ji-ri-nyō*, 事理如): the five aggregates and so forth are "phenomenon"; suffering, arising, and so forth are "principle"; the one reality is "suchness." As for the two-emptiness suchness: from the perspective of discussing the transformation of consciousness (*shikiken*, 識変), it is "principle"; from the perspective of discussing the original substrate (*honjichi*, 本質), it is "suchness."
---
### Three Natures of the Eight Consciousness Clusters (*hasseki jū sansho*, 八識聚三性)
The single cluster of the eighth consciousness is, in the causal stage (*in'i*, 因位), uniformly and exclusively "unobscured-neutral" (*mufuku-muki*, 無覆無記) — specifically, "maturation-neutral" (*ijuku-muki*, 異熟無記). It does not extend to any other moral quality. The single cluster of the seventh consciousness is, in the causal stage, uniformly and exclusively "obscured-neutral" (*ufuku-muki*, 有覆無記). It does not extend to any other moral quality. The single cluster of the sixth consciousness extends through all three [moral qualities — wholesome, unwholesome, and neutral]. There are times when the entire cluster is obscured; there are times when the entire cluster is unobscured. Among the unobscured, the four types of neutral [karma] should also be understood by analogy. Each individual cluster of the five [sense] consciousnesses also extends through the three moral qualities. [These] should be understood by analogy with the sixth consciousness. However, among the unobscured, it seems that the "comportment" (*īryāpatha*, 威儀) mental states and so forth cannot be present. In general, within a single cluster, the moral quality of the mind (*citta*) and mental factors (*caitasika*) must be identical. This is what is meant by the saying: "All associated dharmas (*samprayukta-dharma*, 相応法) necessarily share the same moral quality," and "functions must likewise be identical." The undefiled (*anāsrava*, 無漏) mind and mental factors are all without exception wholesome.
### [Lower Section]
---
### Attachment (*grāha*, 執) Associated with the Eight Consciousness Clusters
The clusters of the five sense consciousnesses and the eighth consciousness are, at all times, entirely without attachment. The single cluster of the seventh consciousness is, at all times, perpetually associated with attachment — except for [the seventh consciousness in its] undefiled [stage]. The sixth consciousness is sometimes associated with attachment and sometimes not. In the undefiled [state], there is no attachment whatsoever.
---
### Presence or Absence of the Eight Consciousnesses across the Nine Grounds of Existence (*nochi*, 九地)
The seventh and eighth consciousnesses are present in sentient beings throughout all three realms (*traidhātuka*, 三界) and nine grounds (*navabhūmi*, 九地). The associated mental factors (*caitasika*, 心所) are also without difference [across these realms]. The sixth consciousness is likewise present in sentient beings throughout all three realms and nine grounds. Regarding its associated mental factors, however, there are differences according to [the sentient being's] location. Among the eleven wholesome mental factors (*kuśala-dharma*, 善), the single factor of "mental pliancy" (*prasrabdhi*, 軽安) is absent in the desire realm (*kāmadhātu*, 欲界). Among the six root afflictions (*mūlakleśa*, 根本煩悩), the affliction of "aversion" (*pratigha*, 瞋) is absent in the upper realms (form realm and formless realm). Among the secondary afflictions (*upakleśa*, 随煩悩), the seven minor secondary [afflictions] (excluding shamelessness, fraudulence, and arrogance) — i.e., the two medium secondary afflictions — are absent [in certain grounds] throughout the three realms. Among the minor secondary afflictions, the two dharmas of "fraudulence" (*māyā*, 誑) and "flattery" (*śāṭhya*, 諂) are absent in the formless realm. [Note: It is possible that fraudulence and flattery extend through the form realm as well, up to the first dhyāna.]