英語訳
## Right Page (Zoku Hossō-shū Shoshin Ryakuyō, Lower Volume — Section 6)
### [Upper Section]
Among the indeterminate mental factors (*aniyata-caitasika*, 不定心所): the two factors of regret (*kaukṛtya*, 悔) and torpor (*middha*, 眠) [Note: the text reads "眼" (eye), likely a scribal error for "眠" (torpor)] are absent in the upper realms (form realm and formless realm). Of the two factors of discursive examination (*vitarka*, 尋) and investigation (*vicāra*, 伺): the factor of *vitarka* extends through the desire realm and the first *dhyāna*. The factor of *vicāra* extends through the intermediate *dhyāna* (*chūkanzena*, 中間禅). The intermediate *dhyāna* is the third heaven within the first *dhyāna*. The mental factor of *vitarka* is absent in this heaven. All other mental factors extend universally through the three realms. Among the five sense consciousnesses, the olfactory consciousness (*ghraṇa-vijñāna*, 鼻識) and gustatory consciousness (*jihvā-vijñāna*, 舌識) exist only in the desire realm. The visual (*cakṣur*-, 眼), auditory (*śrotra*-, 耳), and tactile (*kāya*-, 身) sense consciousnesses also exist in the first *dhyāna*. From the second *dhyāna* upward, all five sense consciousnesses are entirely absent. The determination of the range and limitation (*tsūkyoku*, 通局) of the associated mental factors should be understood by analogy with the above.
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### The Cognitive Obstruction (*Shochishō*, 所知障 / *jñeyāvaraṇa*)
The cognitive obstruction is not a separate category of dharmas apart from the afflictive obstruction (*bonnōshō*, 煩悩障 / *kleśāvaraṇa*). At the base of each and every affliction there is a subtle component that is confused about the essential nature (*hōtai*, 法体) of dharmas. This is what is called the "cognitive obstruction." Therefore: the afflictive obstruction is confused about the *function* (*yō*, 用) of dharmas, while the cognitive obstruction is confused about the *nature* (*tai*, 体) of dharmas.
The objects obstructed by these two components are respectively distinct. The component confused about function obstructs *nirvāṇa* and afflicts sentient beings, causing them to remain in the cycle of birth and death. The component confused about nature obstructs *bodhi* (enlightenment), covering the objects of cognition and preventing the arising of wisdom. Therefore, the path that cuts through them also has its respective scope [Note: "眼" in the text is likely a scribal error for "限" (limit/scope)]. This is why (the single obstruction) is divided into two obstructions.
In ultimate reality, the two obstructions share the same substance (*dōtai*, 同体). For example, when a single greed-affliction (*rāga*, 貪) arises as craving toward a single sentient being, at the base of that craving there is invariably a component confused about the essential nature of the five aggregates. If one had realized that form and the rest are illusory, how could one develop attachment to those apparent beings who are merely a conventional composite of form, scent, etc.? It is therefore clear that this craving-greed arises taking as its basis the component of confusion about the essential nature of the five aggregates. This very "component of confusion about nature" is precisely the cognitive obstruction within the affliction of greed. The remaining afflictions can all be understood by analogy.
In general, *sōen* ("general-object perception," 想縁) and *betsuken* ("specific-object perception," 別縁) are not the same. By "*sōen*" is meant: conceptually grasping the aggregation of the five aggregates and taking it as "self," etc. By "*betsuken*" is meant: separately grasping the *ālaya*-consciousness (*ādānavijñāna*, 賴耶) as "self," etc.
### [Lower Section]
Taking the *function* as one's object constitutes the "attachment to self" (*ahaṃkāra*, 我執); taking the *nature* as one's object constitutes the "attachment to dharmas" (*dharmātmagrāha*, 法執). By reflecting on this repeatedly, one will come to understand.
The afflictive obstruction has "the view of self" (*ātmadṛṣṭi*, 我見) as its leader, while the cognitive obstruction has "the view of a self of dharmas" (*dharmātmadṛṣṭi*, 法我見) as its leader. Now because the cognitive obstruction side has an excess of fundamental ignorance (*avidyā*, 無明), the scriptures designate it by the name "the ground of unknowing-abiding" (*mumyōjūchi*, 無明住地). Speaking according to reality, this does not mean that there are no other views, etc. (associated with the cognitive obstruction).
This cognitive obstruction: when measured against the two vehicles (śrāvaka and pratyekabuddha, 二乗), it is "unobscured-neutral" (*anivṛtāvyākṛta*, 無覆無記), because it does not obstruct those (of the two vehicles). When measured against the bodhisattva, it is "obscured-neutral" (*nivṛtāvyākṛta*, 有覆無記), because it obstructs the bodhisattva's *bodhi*.
To begin with, saying that the afflictive obstruction and the cognitive obstruction respectively serve as obstructions to *nirvāṇa* and *bodhi* is a provisional explanation (*ichiō*, 一往). Likewise, saying that "the afflictive obstruction obstructs the emptiness of persons (*jinkū*, 生空), and the cognitive obstruction obstructs the emptiness of dharmas (*hōkū*, 法空)" is also a provisional explanation. All of these speak of the primary function (*shōyō*, 正用) and superior function (*shōyō*, 勝用). If one exhausts the principle in discussion: the afflictive obstruction also obstructs *bodhi* and the emptiness of dharmas; the cognitive obstruction also obstructs *nirvāṇa* and the emptiness of persons. These constitute the concomitant function (*kenyō*, 兼用) and inferior function (*retsuyo*, 劣用).
The reason for this is as follows: the afflictive obstruction is the "superimposed" (*nōe*, 能依), and the cognitive obstruction is the "substrate" (*shoe*, 所依) upon which the former rests. The afflictive obstruction is coarse; the cognitive obstruction is subtle. The power of what serves as substrate (*shoe*) necessarily (extends) to what rests upon it (*nōe*), and the power of what is coarse necessarily reaches to what is subtle.
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### The Three Types of Objects (*Sanruikyō*, 三類境)
The verse of the Tripiṭaka Master (*Sanzō*, i.e., Xuanzang/Genjo) says: "*Shōkyō* (the nature-object) does not follow the mind. *Dokuei* (the shadow-only object) follows only the perceiving [mind]. *Taishitsu* (the quality-bearing object) extends through both the perceiving [mind] and the original [object]. Nature, seed, etc. correspond accordingly."
The "**nature-object**" (*shōkyō*, 性境 / *svabhāva-viṣaya*): its object has real function (*jitsuyō*, 実用) and does not follow the perceiving mind (*nōen*, 能縁), because it maintains its own nature. Hence it is called "nature-object." Specifically, there are three "non-followings" (*fuizui*, 不隨): (1) *Nature* does not follow: that is, it does not necessarily follow the three natures (wholesome, unwholesome, neutral) of the perceiving mind [Note: good, evil, etc.]; (2) *Seed* does not follow: that is, its seed-type is distinct from the perceiving mind; (3) *Realm-attachment* does not follow: that is, it does not necessarily follow the realm-attachment (*kaikei*, 界繋) of the perceiving mind. In terms of the consciousnesses: each cluster of the five sense consciousnesses invariably cognizes
## Left Page (Zoku Hossō-shū Shoshin Ryakuyō, Lower Volume — Section 7)
### [Upper Section]
only nature-objects. The mind-king (*cittarāja*, 心王) of the eighth consciousness also cognizes only nature-objects. The single cluster of the sixth consciousness sometimes cognizes nature-objects. The single cluster of the defiled (*sāsrava*, 有漏) seventh consciousness can never cognize nature-objects.
The "**shadow-only object**" (*dokueikyō*, 独影境 / *pratibimba-viṣaya*): its object has no real function, follows entirely the perceiving mind, and arises independently without an original object (*honjichi*, 本質). Hence it is called "shadow-only." Specifically, there are three "followings of the mind" (*zuishin*, 隨心): (1) *Nature* follows the mind: its nature is the same as the perceiving mind; (2) *Seed* follows the mind: its seed is the same as the perceiving mind; (3) *Realm-attachment* follows the mind: its realm-attachment is the same as the perceiving mind. In terms of the consciousnesses: the single cluster of the sixth consciousness sometimes cognizes shadow-only objects. The mental factors associated with the eighth consciousness also invariably cognize shadow-only objects. The defiled five sense consciousnesses and the seventh consciousness never cognize shadow-only objects.
The "**quality-bearing object**" (*taishitsukyō*, 帯質境 / *sopālambanā-viṣaya*): it is not the case that it does not follow the perceiving mind (as the nature-object does), nor is it the case that it necessarily follows the perceiving mind entirely (as the shadow-only object does). It invariably carries an original object (*honjichi*, 本質) and has a component that follows the original object. Hence it is called "quality-bearing." Specifically, there are three "extensions through perceiving-mind and original-object" (*tsūjōhon*, 通情本): (1) *Nature* extends through perceiving-mind and original-object: it follows both the three natures of the perceiving mind and the three natures of the original object; (2) *Seed* extends through perceiving-mind and original-object: it follows both the seed of the perceiving mind and the seed of the original object; (3) *Realm-attachment* extends through perceiving-mind and original-object: the realm-attachment of the perceiving mind also follows the realm-attachment of the original object. In terms of the consciousnesses: the single cluster of the seventh consciousness invariably cognizes this type of object. The single cluster of the sixth consciousness also sometimes cognizes it. The remaining consciousnesses do not ordinarily cognize it.
Concerning the above three objects — to indicate their substance (*tai*, 体): the nature-object consists of real form (*jisshiki*, 実色) and real mind (*jisshin*, 実心). The *Shūyō* (the *Cheng Weishi Lun Zhangzhong Shuyao*, 成唯識論掌中枢要) commentary says: "Form is true form; mind is real mind." By "real form" are meant the five sense faculties and the five sense objects, as well as the real forms (*jisshiki*, 実色) subsumed under the *dharmadhātu*-base (*hōsho*, 法処). These include the real forms produced by *samādhi* (*jōka-jisshiki*, 定果実色) — specifically, the gold, silver, etc. transformed by a *samādhi* of awesome virtue (*itoku*, 威德). By "real mind" are meant things like the self-witnessing division (*svāsākṣin*, 自証分) cognizing the perceiving division (*darśanabhāga*, 見分) and the conceptual cognitions (*sōen*, 想縁) of the latter two divisions, etc. With respect to such objects, the perceiving mind obtains the own-characteristic (*svalakṣaṇa*, 自相) of the object — that is, it manifestly transforms the aspect-division (*nimittabhāga*, 相分). Therefore the *Shūyō* commentary says: "Arising from real seeds, it has real substance and function; the perceiving mind obtains that object's own-characteristic. This is called the nature-object."
### [Lower Section]
The "shadow-only object" is exemplified by the aspect-divisions (*nimittabhāga*) that appear in the mind when cognizing things like turtle-hair and rabbit-horns (i.e., non-existent entities). The perceiving mind is confused and disordered, and the object has no original substance; it is carried entirely upon the false subjective consciousness and is without exception a conventional (fictional) dharma.
The "quality-bearing object": the aspect-division (*nimittabhāga*, 相分) transformed when the seventh consciousness cognizes the perceiving division (*darśanabhāga*, 見分) of the eighth consciousness — this is the "original" (*hon*, 本) of the quality-bearing object. Although this aspect-division has an original substantial real mind (*honjichi-jissshin*, 本質実心), the perceiving mind does not obtain the own-characteristic (*svalakṣaṇa*) of the object; it is entirely a non-valid cognition (*feiyiliang*, 非量). Yet the attachment of "self" cognized by that mind (*gaga*, 我々) does not cease. Therefore, the nature (*shō*, 性), seed (*shu*, 種子), etc. of the transformed aspect-division extend through (*tsūzu*, 通ずる) both perceiving-mind (*jō*, 情) and original-object (*hon*, 本).
The reason for the assignment of its category: since it already has a real substance (*jisshitsu*, 実質), it does not entirely follow the perceiving mind. Therefore, its nature is determined from the standpoint of the original-object — the eighth consciousness — and it may also be said to be "subsumed under unobscured-neutral (*anivṛtāvyākṛta*, 無覆無記)." This is what distinguishes it from the shadow-only object.
On the other hand, since the perceiving mind already exists, the own-characteristic is to some degree obtained, and therefore it does not entirely follow the original object. Therefore, its nature is determined from the standpoint of the perceiving mind — the seventh consciousness — and it may also be said to be "subsumed under obscured-neutral (*nivṛtāvyākṛta*, 有覆無記)." This is what distinguishes it from the nature-object.
Within a single moment of consciousness, both of these aspects (modes) are present. This is called "nature extending through perceiving-mind and original-object" (*shō-tsūjōhon*, 性通情本).
The seeds that are the cause of its arising are in reality separate seeds; but since the manifest activity (*gengyo*, 現行) is already included under "extending through perceiving-mind and original-object" in this manner, those seeds may also be described by way of their functional significance: either as "seeds of the perceiving mind" or as "seeds of the original object." They are called both "arising from seeds of the perceiving mind" and "arising from seeds of the original object." This is called "seed extending through perceiving-mind and original-object" (*shu-tsūjōhon*, 種通情本).
As for "realm-attachment extending through perceiving-mind and original-object" (*kei-tsūjōhon*, 繋通情本): the manifest activities of the two consciousnesses — the seventh and the eighth — are invariably under the same realm-attachment. Therefore, although the realm-attachment of perceiving-mind and that of original-object are not different, (viewed) from either side, each is equally called the same as the realm-attachment of the perceiving mind, and equally called the same as the realm-attachment of the original object. The significance of this can be grasped as well. [Note: However, the matter of realm-attachment extending through perceiving-mind and original-object (*kei-tsūjōhon*) is not clearly explained here. One should consult the root text.]
The above constitutes a rough explanation of the meaning of the first three lines of the verse. [Now follows the discussion of] the fourth [line, namely "nature, seed, etc. correspond accordingly"]...