英語訳
## Right Page (Zoku Hossō-shū Shoshin Ryakuyō, Lower Volume — Section 8)
### [Upper Section]
(Regarding the fourth phrase of the verse:) "Nature, seed, and so on follow accordingly" — this means that the nature, seeds, and realm-binding discussed above should be understood as following the appropriate (distinctions) according to the three matters (the three non-followings, the three followings-of-mind, and the three extensions-through-subject-and-basis) in correspondence with each of the three classes of objects.
Within this phrase there are various combinations: single (where each of the three objects stands alone), and "overlapping" (combined) configurations. Single means each of the three objects stands alone without combination. "Overlapping" refers to two-way combinations [Note: nature-object combined with shadow-only object; nature-object combined with quality-bearing object; shadow-only object combined with quality-bearing object] or three-way combinations [Note: all three objects combined]. The commentary explains: "In this way, when the sixth and seventh consciousnesses cognize the five aggregates of the past and future, (the resultant image) can be said to be a shadow-only object and can also be said to be a quality-bearing object — because it perfumes seeds into existence and thereby generates the original basis" (end of quote). This is precisely a two-way combined object of shadow-only and quality-bearing. For all other (combinations) one should understand by analogy. For the detailed meaning, one should consult the source text.
**[Question]** The cluster of the eighth consciousness transforms its objects spontaneously, following the power of karmic causes. As for things like the body and the physical world: even if what other sentient beings have transformed serves as the "indirect condition of the object" (*sosoenkyen*, 疎所縁縁), it does not constitute the true original basis. If that is so, then the image divisions (*nimittabhāga*) of the ālayavijñāna cluster should all be classified as shadow-only objects. But then, if (the cluster) is called a nature-object because the perceiving mind obtains the individual characteristic (*svalakṣaṇa*) of the object through direct perception (*pratyakṣa*, 現量), the entire cluster should be classified as a nature-object. Yet the current (teaching) holds that the mind-king (*citta*) of the eighth consciousness perceives nature-objects while the mental factors (*caitasika*) transform shadow-only objects — the rationale for this remains unclear. How is this to be understood?
**[Answer]** In general, the ālayavijñāna is the root of all conditioned existence (*saṃskṛta*, 有為), and it is exclusively through the power of prior karma that it spontaneously transforms its objective realm. The other consciousnesses rely upon it, taking it as their original basis. The cluster of the eighth consciousness differs from other consciousnesses in that it already obtains the individual characteristic (*svalakṣaṇa*) of the object; therefore its object is a real object with real substance and real function, and hence it is called a nature-object. However, regarding the difference between mind-king and mental factors — as stated above (in a discussion of the *Kenyo* 顕要) [Note: the commentator suspects "如上" (as above) may be a dittograph]: because the mind-king is already the root of conditioned existence, (the mental factors) cannot reach it (in terms of transformative power). If the mental factors were equally (capable of producing) real objects (nature-objects), then a single sentient being would possess six sense faculties and so forth — various contradictions would arise. For this reason, the mental factors of the eighth consciousness must necessarily transform shadow-only objects. That is, (what they transform are) the fictitious seeds, the fictitious five sense faculties, and the physical world (as image divisions).
**[Question]** The *Commentary on the Cheng Weishi Lun* (*Yuishiki-sho*, 唯識疏) [Note: "疎" is likely a scribal error for "疏"] states: "The five (mental factor) numbers in the causal stage solely take the transformed (objects) of the mind-king as their original basis" (end of quote). According to this commentary, the mental factors of the eighth consciousness take the mind-king's objects as their original basis — how then can they be called "shadow-only"?
### [Lower Section]
**[Answer]** That commentary passage carries a different intention. Generally speaking, the transformation (required to produce) the three classes of objects is no simple matter. Who is capable of transforming (the seeds and dharmas) that cannot receive the "application and habituation" (*onjū*, 応習) which is the direct causal condition of seeds and dharmas? [Note: It is exclusively the mind-king of the eighth consciousness that receives this habituation — mental factors do not do so.] Who else, not being the true sovereign of the ripening retribution (*shinhōshu*, 真報主), can transform the five sense faculties as the physical form of sentient beings? The physical world — the vast, boundless realm inhabited by sentient beings — who other than the ālayavijñāna can transform it? Since mental factors are the companions (of the mind-king), and their power cannot manage such transformation, they necessarily receive the power and influence of the mind-king's object-realm and transform (their image divisions) as if self-transforming in imitation of the dharmic appearance (of those objects). This is what is called "taking the transformed (objects) of the mind-king as the original basis" — it is not like the quality-bearing object, which genuinely relies upon the original object to cast its "shadow." (What the mental factors transform) is a multiply-transformed, repeated image division (*jū-sōbun*, 重相分); therefore it in no way contradicts the meaning of "shadow-only."
**[Question]** Regarding the meaning that the image division through which the sixth consciousness cognizes the five aggregates of the past and future "perfumes the seeds of the original basis" — this is particularly open to doubt and objection. The image division transformed (by the sixth consciousness) when it cognizes a dharma that does not exist at all (a shadow-only object) is itself a fictitious dharma as image division. Even the self-perfuming of its own seeds is already difficult to allow. How then could it perfume the seeds of the original basis which is itself a non-existent dharma?
**[Answer]** In general, what is capable of producing a real dharma has a substance different from (the non-existent) turtle's hair. Even if (the sixth consciousness) is cognizing dharmas that have not yet arisen or have already ceased, since the image (division) already bears the features of dharmas such as color, blue, and so forth — although it is a fiction unlike a real jar and so forth — it is nonetheless capable of perfuming seeds. The fact that the original basis has no substance (as past/future dharmas are non-present) is not grounds for denying this. Even though the original basis has no image division (of its own), it already has its substance (*tai*, 体); therefore the ability to perfume the seeds of the original basis lies in the power of the image division (of the cognizing mind). Why raise the absence of (a direct image division in) the original basis as an objection?
**[Question]** It is the established teaching of the Yogācāra school that objects necessarily follow the mind. If they do not follow the mind, how can they be called "transformations of the mind"? Yet the nature-object, as now discussed, possesses the three non-followings — this seems greatly to contradict the principle of "consciousness-only" (*vijñānamātra*, 唯識). What is to be said?
**[Answer]** In general, "consciousness-only" (*yuishiki*) means
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## Left Page (Zoku Hossō-shū Shoshin Ryakuyō, Lower Volume — Section 9)
### [Upper Section]
— it teaches the (principle of) transformation-and-change (*tenpen*, 転変). At the stage after transformation is complete, it does not necessarily follow that (the transformed object) is exactly equal to (or identical with) the mind. (For example,) having cognition (*ryo*, 慮) versus being obstructed (*ge*, 礙) (i.e., mental versus material phenomena): although there is no actual difference (in ultimate truth), this does not mean there is no fictitious and conventional distinction. If (things were as the questioner suggests), how could such differences as these exist? Therefore, the three non-followings of the nature-object are merely fictitious conventional distinctions. Because they are fictitious and conventional, (objects) do not lose their fictitious and conventional substance and function. Hence there is "non-following as if illusory." Since there is "non-following as if illusory," and since the mind has "extension through subject and basis as if illusory," one must not cling to these as real. All of this arises from the discriminations of one's own mind; the distinctions of the three objects follow the mode of cognition (*ryō*, 量) of the perceiving mind; the image divisions of the three classes are like illusions and dreams. This is precisely the meaning of "transformation" in consciousness-only.
To state the meaning more fully: when the perceiving mind and the original basis are placed in relation to each other, the object of the original basis is not the transformation of the current perceiving mind. Therefore the principle that (the nature-object) does not follow the current perceiving mind is logically necessary. With respect to such dharmas that "do not follow" (i.e., the object of the original basis), the clear and pure mind of direct perception (*pratyakṣa*, 現量) obtains them as they actually are. Therefore the image (*eizō*, 影像) that appears in this mind is extremely similar to the object of the original basis. How could it not possess the quality of "not following"? This is precisely the meaning that: because the object follows the mind (through transformation), there is conversely also the quality of "not following." Deep contemplation will make this clear.
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### On the Matter of "Objects as Consciousness-Only" (*kyōyuishiki*, 境唯識)
In the objects transformed by the eighth consciousness, there are four distinct categories.
The first is "common among the common" (*kyō-chū-no-kyō*, 共中共) — referring to mountains, rivers, the great earth, and so forth. All sentient beings jointly transform these and jointly make use of them, and there is no further distinction of "belonging to one or another (individual)."
The second is "not-common among the common" (*kyō-chū-no-fukyō*, 共中不共) — referring to one's own fields, dwellings, and the like. Although all sentient beings jointly transform these, they are not jointly used by all; they belong to their respective owners (*hishi-no-shu*, 彼此主), and thus differ from the previous category.
The third is "common among the not-common" (*fukyō-chū-no-kyō*, 不共中共) — referring to the supporting physical body (*fukon*, 扶根). This is what each sentient being transforms on its own as its own body of dependence (*eshō*, 依身). My body's supporting form is something that others also transform, but they transform it for the sake of my body, not for the sake of their own bodies — thus it differs from the shared transformation of the physical world. However,
### [Lower Section]
with respect to use (*juyō*, 受用), it extends to both self and others (as in the case of a servant's body). Hence it is called "common among the not-common."
The fourth [Note: the commentator suspects "変" may be a scribal error for "不"] is "not-common among the not-common" (*fukyō-chū-no-fukyō*, 不共中不共) — referring to the primary sense faculties (*shōkon*, 正根) such as the eye faculty and so forth. These are not jointly transformed by any (other sentient being), nor are they jointly used; hence the name.
**[Question]** Consider a single body of water: humans see it as water; heavenly beings see it as lapis lazuli; animals (*bōshō*, 傍生) see it as a dwelling place or road; hungry ghosts (*ki*, 鬼) see it as raging flames. Is what each (type of sentient being) thus transforms exclusively "what is imputed by the parikalpita (imaginary) nature" (*hengekeishoshū*, 遍計所執)? Or is this difference present within the dharmic substance (*hōtai*, 法体) of the paratantra (dependent-nature) itself? Is it exclusively a transformation of the sixth consciousness? Or is this difference also present within the objects of the eighth consciousness? Furthermore, which of the four categories above does this fall under?
**[Answer]** In the *Abhidharmasamuccaya Sūtra*, it is taught that four kinds of wisdom accomplish *bodhi* and enable one to awaken to the meaning of consciousness-only. The first of these, "the wisdom of the characteristic of mutually discrepant cognitions" (*sōijō-sōchi*, 相違識相智), is (the wisdom) that uses the mutually discrepant perceptions of the four destinies (*shishu*, 四趣) to awaken to consciousness-only. If the image divisions (*nimittabhāga*) of the paratantra nature did not contain this difference, how could (this teaching) serve as a demonstration of the meaning of "consciousness-only transformation"?
Among (the relevant considerations): whenever the mind and mental factors of any and all sentient beings arise, they necessarily all bear a "direct object-support condition" (*shinsoenkyen*, 親所縁縁). With the exception of the seeing-division (*darśanabhāga*) of right wisdom (*shōchi*, 正智), everything (in ordinary cognition) bears the inner-object of the paratantra nature. It has never happened that a mind arises bearing only the (parikalpita) imputed (object) alone. This is a logically necessary and correct state of affairs. The imputed (*shoshū*, 所執) is a non-existent dharma. A non-existent dharma cannot be an "object-support condition" (*soenkyen*, 所縁緣). Can a mind arise without an object-support condition? (No, it cannot.) Even when cognizing turtle's hair and the like, the inner-object of the paratantra nature must necessarily appear within the mind to serve as the object-support condition. This inner object is what is called the "shadow-only object" (*dokuyō-kyō*). (The turtle's hair itself) has no original basis, and therefore does not constitute an object-support condition and is not included within the three classes of objects. The original question (which implied otherwise) is thus not rightly posed.
Therefore, when hungry ghosts and the like see raging fire and so on, there must necessarily appear within their minds illusory raging fire and the like; and mistaking this as truly existent,