英語訳
## Right Page (Zoku Hossō-shū Shoshin Ryakuyō, Lower Volume — Section 14)
### [Upper Section]
(The "principle" [*ri*, 理]) is the meaning (*gi*, 義) on top of phenomena (*ji*, 事), and "phenomena-and-principle" (*jiri*, 事理) means that there is, on top of principle (*ri*), phenomena (*ji*) as substance (*tai*, 体). This purport is necessarily so. Therefore, when one speaks of "phenomena-and-principle" (*jiri*), the conditioned (*ue*, 有為) is the substance of the dharma, and the unconditioned (*mue*, 無為) is the meaning-and-principle (*giri*, 義理) on top of it. This "phenomena-and-principle" (*jiri*) is also called "characteristic-and-nature" (*sōshō*, 相性). "Characteristic" (*sō*, 相) is the characteristic-function (*sōyō*, 相用) on top of nature (*shō*, 性), and "nature" (*shō*) is the substance-nature (*taishō*, 体性) underlying characteristic; therefore, when one speaks of "characteristic-and-nature" (*sōshō*), the unconditioned is the substance of the dharma, and the conditioned is its principle-suchness (*rinyoi*, 理如). When one opens (this schema) into three levels (phenomena, principle, suchness), one speaks from the perspective of phenomena (*ji*) and opens "suchness" (*nyoi*, 如) into the three levels.
Saying this does not deny that ultimate truth (*shinri*, 真理) is (a form of) principle (*dōri*, 道理); there is no contradiction at all. ▢ (However,) when an ordinary person (*bonbu*, 凡夫) discusses the principle of things, there is necessarily a "aspect-image" (*sōbun*, 相分) transformed by the mind. That aspect-image is conditioned (*ue*, 有為). Deluded by this dependently-arisen (*paratantra*, 依他起) characteristic that is like an illusion, (the ordinary person) assumes the characteristics of self (*ātman*) and dharma, and gives rise to speech in the manner of the imagined (*parikalpita*, 所執). One does not even understand the dependently-arisen characteristics that appear within the mind — how much less could one (understand) its true principle? That it would be difficult for an ordinary person to realize (*shō*, 証) principle goes without saying; (such a possibility) is entirely out of the question. Moreover, when a foolish person disputes right and wrong regarding property and goods, those who offer principles (*dōri*) are often far removed from the ultimate principle (*shiri*, 至理). Even in the rare case that they happen to accord with right principle, this is certainly not the inconceivable ultimate manifestation of dependent co-arising and dependent origination of all dharmas. How can one say they are expounding the principle of reality's true nature (*jissō*, 実相)?
Next, (the claim that) the individual principles of form (*rūpa*) and mind (*citta*), the principle of "conventional existence and real non-existence" (*keū-jitsumu-dōri*, 仮有実無道理), can all be called "ultimate truth" (*shinri*, 真理) — this position does not particularly obstruct (or deny) that. What (this position) seeks to establish now is that all such principles return to the single principle (*ichiri*, 一理) of dependent origination. Principle has no characteristics; it takes one-flavor (*ichimi*, 一味) as its basis. Because phenomena have characteristics, individual distinctness (*kakubetsu*, 各別) is their basis. When one wishes to know the one-flavor principle, what fault is there in pointing to the single principle of dependent origination underlying all dharmas (*manbō*, 万法)?
"Conventional existence and real non-existence" means that (things) are dharmas arising from causes and conditions. Apart from the principle of dependent origination, what separate meaning could there be? Let me point to one example to illustrate this. When people in ancient times first built a boat — (namely, the principle that) carving wood and placing it on water would allow it to float, carry (a load), and move — this principle did not first emerge at the time of its construction. That principle existed from the beginning. However, when a skilled craftsman, using the conditions of hands, feet, an axe, a saw,
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and so forth, accords with that principle, the event (*ji*, 事) of the boat is able to come into existence. When this object eventually ceases to exist, the principle that if made in such a way it could be as such — this principle does not cease again. It is only that the force of the conditions has been exhausted, so that event simply stops. From this one can know well: even though the event arises and ceases, the principle does not arise and cease; and also that the event takes principle as its nature (*shō*, 性) and does not depart from principle; that what arises from principle is neither identical to (*soku*, 即) nor separate from (*ri*, 離) principle.
To speak of "principle" (*ri*) is simply to speak of how things ought to be (*kaku aru beshi*, かくあるべし). To speak of "phenomena" (*ji*) is to speak of how the principle already manifests (*kaku aru sama*, かくあるさま). Yet arising-and-ceasing (*shōmetsu*, 生滅) and permanent-abiding (*jōjū*, 常住), having-characteristics (*usō*, 有相) and without-characteristics (*musō*, 無相) are difficult to identify and difficult to separate. It is like water and waves. Waves are created by conditions such as wind, have arising and ceasing, and have visible form; water is not so. Nevertheless, waves are precisely water, and apart from water there are no waves. That the principle of dependent origination and the phenomenal characteristics of dependent origination are "neither identical nor separate" (*fusoku furi*, 不即不離) — the meaning can be understood from this. This concludes the illustration using one example. All the remaining phenomenal characteristics, one by one, are all like this.
That is to say: the principle that when four conditions (*shien*, 四縁) combine, the event of mental activity (*enryo no koto*, 縁慮事) can come to be, exists inherently (*hōni*, 法爾). Regarding form (*shiki*, 色): the principle that when two conditions combine, the event of material resistance (*shichige no koto*, 質礙事) can come to be, exists inherently. The eight consciousnesses within mind, the five sense-objects (*gojin*, 五塵) within form — for each and every one of them in their respective domains, the principle that when conditions combine the event can come to be, exists inherently. The countless principles are all dependent co-arising and dependent origination; therefore they are all "conventionally existent and really non-existent" (*keū jitsumu*, 仮有実無). Therefore, the individual principles of form, mind, and so on, and the comprehensive (*sō*, 惣) principle of dependent origination are not at all separate principles. Viewed from the side of phenomena, they are individual natures (*kakukaku no shō*, 各各性); when pointing directly at principle, they are one-flavor and not-two (*ichimi mu'ni*, 一味無二). The commentary in the *Yilin zhang* (*Girinju*, 義林章) conveys this meaning. In the passage explaining the gate of individual distinctness, it says: "Nevertheless, on each dharma there is individually its own principle"; in the passage revealing the gate of one-flavor (*ichimi mon*, 一味門) by discussing (the matter) from the standpoint of conditioned (*ue*, 有為) dharmas, it says: "because principle is one and not-two." The intent of pointing directly to the very substance of principle and discoursing upon it is clear.
In that case, when one discards verbal expression (*haiken*, 廃詮), (principle) is neither one nor different — this is the gateway of the meaning of true reality (*shinjitsu no gimmon*, 真実義門). If, (on the other hand,) one relies (on verbal expression) and
## Left Page (Zoku Hossō-shū Shoshin Ryakuyō, Lower Volume — Section 15)
### [Upper Section]
discourses upon it, then it is both one and different. If one forcibly determines its nature, one-flavor equality (*ichimi byōdō*, 一味平等) is the basis. ▢ For what is inherently individually distinct, there must necessarily be a direct cause-and-condition (*shininen*, 親因縁). If there is no direct cause-and-condition, then the meaning of (each) substance-nature ▢ (being individually) distinct cannot be obtained. If (something) arises from a direct cause-and-condition, then it must be conditioned (*ue*, 有為). Thus it is clearly known: when one thoroughly discusses the nature (*uji-ronsu*, 尅性論) of the wondrous principle of *tathatā* (真如), it is one and without difference. The gate of individual distinctness is the meaning of seeing individual natures from each individual phenomenon (*ji*, 事) — is it not the case that this is not the gate of thoroughly examining (*uji mon*, 尅性門) principle?
Next, when one grasps at Buddha-nature (*busshō*, 仏性) as "self" (*ātman*, 我), the direct object of that delusion is the aspect-image (*sōbun*, 相分) of the dependently-arisen nature appearing within the mind. When ordinary scholars (*bonbu gakusha*, 凡夫学者) contemplate ultimate truth, the same judgment should be applied by analogy. The statement "ultimate truth is not the imagined (*parikalpita*, 遍計所執)" means that by its very nature (ultimate truth) blocks (*sha*, 遮) being a direct object of imagined grasping (*parikalpita*); (but this does not block) the possibility of it becoming an indirect object of imagined grasping (*tentenso henke*, 展転所遍計).
Next, conditioned-arising dharmas (*ensh no hō*, 縁生法) are by necessity not self-arisen (*jinen*, 自然). Because they are not self-arisen, they are not really existent (*jitsuu*, 実有). Therefore they are necessarily conventionally existent (*keū*, 仮有). When the deluded mind (*mōjō*, 妄情) discriminates regarding them and (takes them to be) really existent, the characteristic of real existence appears as it seems to that mind. Could this characteristic have existence as principle (*riaru*, 理有)? Since this meaning is necessarily so, one who knows the principle of dependent origination also naturally knows from that (knowledge) the principle of deluded grasping. When analyzed and discussed separately, (the two) should be (treated as) the principle of deluded grasping and the principle of dependent origination (respectively). But when comprehensively subsumed from the standpoint of reality, they are the single principle of dependent origination. The *shū*-commentary [Note: possibly "chapter commentary"] reveals this meaning. The meaning that the principle of deluded grasping returns to the principle of dependent origination is also not particularly blocked. However, that meaning remains (somewhat) obscure. It is (not as good as, and) cannot match (the clarity of) (taking everything as) the single principle of dependent origination, yet (that interpretation) is also comprehensible.
Next, I have not yet studied the transmission of *hōni-dōri* (*dharmatā*-principle) in general terms. However, it is without doubt that the meaning of the principle of *dharmatā* and the meaning of the principle of dependent origination are transmitted as separate traditions (*kakubetsu den*, 各別伝). It is also necessarily the case that the meaning of the principle of dependent origination ultimately returns to the principle of *dharmatā*. Inferring from this, the transmission of the principle of *dharmatā* only refers phenomena (*ji*) to *dharmatā*, and does not necessarily seek (to compare it against) the principle of dependent origination
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(and discuss it in those terms), (it seems).
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## On the Middle Way (*Chūdō no Koto*, 中道事)
The transmissions of eminent predecessors (*sentoku*, 先徳) differ. Scholars too maintain divergent views. However, examining the actual text of the chapter (*sho*, 章) [i.e., the *Yilin zhang*], in the Middle Way of our school (*jishu*, 自宗, i.e., Hossō-shū), there are roughly two gates: (1) the Middle Way as expressible in words (*gensen no chūdō*, 言詮中道) and (2) the Middle Way that transcends words (*rigen no chūdō*, 離言中道).
The "Middle Way expressible in words" (*gensen no chūdō*): the three natures (*sansho*, 三性) are brought into mutual relation — the imagined (*parikalpita*, 所執) is not existent; the dependently arisen (*paratantra*, 依他起) and the perfectly accomplished (*pariniṣpanna*, 円成実) are not empty. Because (the three natures collectively) depart from existence and depart from non-existence, they are named the "Middle Way." This is expressed in the verse of the *Madhyāntavibhāga* (*Chūben bunbetsuron*, 中辺分別論): "Illusory discrimination (*abhūtaparikalpa*, 虚妄分別) exists. Both (subject and object as real) are absent. Within this (illusory discrimination) there is only emptiness. Within that (emptiness) this (illusory discrimination) also exists. Therefore it is taught that all dharmas are neither empty nor non-empty, because there is existence (of illusory discrimination), non-existence (of both poles), and existence (of emptiness within illusory discrimination)." (End of citation.) This is precisely accords with the Middle Way. Therefore the chapter (*Yilin zhang*) says: "Relying on verbal expression, it cites the verse spoken by Maitreya (*Jishi*, 慈氏): 'Illusory discrimination exists,' etc."
The "Middle Way that transcends words" (*rigen no chūdō*): when one directly realizes (*naishō*, 内証) the Middle Way of these three natures in mutual relation, one does not reach (the level of) discrimination of the emptiness of the imagined, the existence of the dependently arisen and the perfectly accomplished; because one (directly) rests upon the profound and subtle principle of the three natures, wisdom has nothing whatsoever obtained (*shotoku*, 所得). Because mind and language are extinguished (*zetsumyogo*, 絶), this is called the "Middle Way." This is what the *Cheng weishi lun* (*Jōyuishikiron*, 成唯識論) says: "Within the true supreme meaning (*shin shōgitai*, 真勝義中), because mind and language are extinguished, etc." Therefore the chapter (*Yilin zhang*) says: "In the supreme truth (*shōgitai*, 勝義諦), even though the substance of all dharmas may exist or may not exist, because language cannot reach (that level), (they are) neither empty nor existent — this constitutes the teaching of Consciousness-Only (*Vijñaptimātratā*, 唯識). In the supreme truth, because mind and language are extinguished, (they are) neither empty nor existent." (End of citation.)
**Question:** In general, the Middle Way is the meaning that one dharma departs from two extremes (*niben*, 二辺) — that neither "empty" nor "existent" can be fixed (as a definitive description). The three natures are each distinct dharmas: necessarily, the imagined (*parikalpita*) is empty and not existent; the dependently arisen (*paratantra*) and the perfectly accomplished (*pariniṣpanna*) are existent and not empty. How could this be the Middle Way? It is merely the mutual juxtaposition of simple emptiness and simple existence as two separate dharmas. Among them, the substance-nature (*taishō*, 体性) of the imagined (*parikalpita*) is entirely absent (*tsuinu*, 都無). ▢ (This) is not the substance of a dharma (*hōtai*, 法体). What exists as the substance of a dharma is solely this (i.e., the dependently arisen and the perfectly accomplished)...