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コレクション: 大日本仏教全書第6巻

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【割書内の「[考]」は四角囲み文字】 【右頁上段】 名句等四法_一爲_レ體。故下文云。是經名味句。乃至千佛說 等。二歸_二眞如門_一。以_二眞如_一爲_レ體。故下經云。法本如。重頌 如。乃至。論議如。若廣分別。如_二解深密說_一【。有ヵ】藏師云。五忍十 地。以爲_二經體_一。由_二 五忍_一而成_レ聖故。言_二所詮宗_一者。測師云。 略作_二 三釋_一。一云。此經三種般若。以爲_二宗旨_一。所謂觀空 理。卽是實相。能詮之智。卽是觀照。能詮聖敎。以爲_二文字_一。 是故觀空品中。說_二 三般若_一。一云。此經 ̄ハ宗 ̄トシテ明_二 二諦_一。所 以者何。觀空品中明_二自利行_一。敎化品中明_二利他行_一。菩薩 觀門不_レ出_二 二行_一。如_レ是二行。不_レ出_二 二諦_一。以_二眞諦_一故。無_二能 所護_一。以_二世諦_一故。能所二護。自他行成。言_二 二諦_一者。一者 眞諦。是其空理。二者世諦。卽是有門。二諦品中。當_二廣分 別_一。一云。今此經以_二無相_一爲_レ宗。故解深密經。作_二如_レ此說_一。 初爲_下發_二-趣聲聞乘_一者_上。說_二 四諦輪_一。次爲_下發_二-趣菩薩乘_一者_上 說_二無相輪_一。後爲_下發_二-趣一切乘_一者_上說_二了義敎_一。 問此無 相。於_二 三性中_一。遣_二何等性_一。三無 中(イ无)性中。依_二何無性_一。解云。 西方諸師。分成_二兩釋_一。一者淸辨。具遣_二 三性_一。以立爲_レ空。 卽說_二空理_一。以爲_二無相_一。具如_二掌珍_一 二者護法。但遣_二所執_一。 【右頁下段】 以爲_二無相_一。如_二深密等_一。三無性中。淸辨護法。皆依_二 三種無 自性_一。以爲_二無相_一。由_レ斯眞諦。慈恩三藏。各依_二 一宗_一。一者眞 諦三藏。如_二其次第_一。具遣_二 三性_一。立_二 三無性_一。一遣_二分別性_一。 立_二分別無相性_一。二遣_二依他_一。立_二依他無生性_一。三遣_二眞實_一。 立_二眞實無性性_一。於_二 一眞如_一。遣_二 三性_一故。立_二 三無性_一。具如_二 三無性論_一。是故眞諦。大同_二淸辨_一。而差別者。淸辨菩薩。立 而無當。眞諦師意。存_二 三無性非安立諦_一。二慈恩三藏。但 遣_二所執_一。不_レ遣_二 二性_一。情有理無理有情無。二義別故。又三 無性。如_二其次第_一。卽說_二 三性_一。爲_二 三無性_一。故三十唯識言。 卽依_二此三性_一。立_二彼三無性_一。具如_二成唯識深密經等_一。是故 淸辨護法菩薩。各依_二自宗_一。以釋_二此經_一。 問如何知。此經具說_二 三種無性_一。解深密經云。如_二經一切法 皆無自性無生無滅。本來寂靜。自性𣵀槃_一。依_二何密意_一。世 尊自說。一切諸法皆無自性者。且依_二 三種無自性性_一。密意 說也。言_二 一切諸法皆無自性無生無滅等_一者。唯依_二相無自 性性_一說。或何。亦依_二相及勝義無自性_一說者。廣分別如_二廣 百論第十卷中_一。有_二 三師釋_一。一瑜伽學徒。立_二依他有_一。二淸 【左頁上段】 辨菩薩。說_二依他空_一。三護法菩薩。雙破_二兩執_一。故彼論云。第 一瑜伽學徒。以_レ理探_レ宗。分別所執。法體是無。因緣所生。 法體是有。由_二斯惑業_一。輪【二点「-」有ヵ】廻三有_一。或修_二加行_一。證_二 三菩提_一。 乃至廣說。第二淸辨釋_二此經_一云。名是遍計所執。義是依 他起性。名於_二其義_一。非有故無。義隨_二世間_一。非無故有。不_レ 可_二引_レ此證_一レ有_二依他_一。次瑜伽學徒。破_二彼釋經文_一有_二 二節_一。 初總標_二非理_一。後別顯_二 四過_一。初惣破云。此釋不_レ然。義相違 故。後顯_二 四失_一者。一若名於_レ義非_レ有故無。義亦於_レ名是無。 何有耶。二又於_二其義_一所_レ立名言。旣因緣生。如_レ義應_レ有。 三若妄所執。能詮之所詮《割書:[考]之字可_レ|在_二詮下_一歟》性。豈有乎。四名隨_二世 俗_一有_二詮表能_一。汝不_レ可(イ无)_レ許_レ爲_二依他起性_一。義亦隨_レ俗假說_二 有能_一。何不_レ許_レ爲_二遍計所執_一。設_二結破_一云。世俗假立。能詮 所詮。無 ̄ハ應_二 ̄ク竝無 ̄ナル_一。有 ̄ハ應 ̄シ_二竝有 ̄ナル_一。如何經說。一有一 無。故汝所言。不_レ契_二經義_一。次淸辨爲_レ證_二己義_一。復引_レ經言。 由_二先此々名_一。詮_二於彼々法_一。彼皆性非_レ有。由_二法性皆然_一。次 瑜伽學徒破_二此說_一云。經意不_レ說_二名於_レ義無_一。但說所詮 法性非_レ有。辨_二諸法性_一。皆不可詮。名言所詮。皆是共相。諸 【左頁下段】 法自相。皆絕_二名言_一。自相非_レ無。共相非_レ有也。藏師云。夫 欲_レ說_二-講經一。前須_レ識_二大旨_一。此經以_二無生正觀_一爲_レ宗。離_二有 無二見_一。假言_二 中道_一。故下文云。般若無智無見。乃至不生 不滅等。言_二不生不滅_一者。中道異名。不思議寂滅之別稱。 亦名_二佛性_一。則十方佛母。一大事者。則其事也。眞諦三藏 云。此經以_二因中彼匠導萬行_一爲_レ宗也。大統帥云。修_二-行世 間出世間道_一。以_二此二道_一。能護_二國土_一。護_二佛果_一。以爲_レ宗也。 第三顯_二敎所依。所爲有情_一。亦有_二兩門_一。一顯_二敎所依_一。二所 爲有情。言_二所依_一者。聖敎雖_レ衆。要唯三藏。二藏。十二部 經。言_二 三藏_一者。一素怛覽。此云_二契經_一。二毘奈耶。此云_二調 伏_一。三阿毘達磨。此云_二對法_一。言_二 二藏_一者。一聲聞藏。二言菩 薩藏。《割書:[考]言字|可_レ在_レ此》十二部者。所謂契經。應頌。記別。諷頌。自 說。因緣。譬喩。本事。本生。方廣。希法。論議。此經一部。三 藏之内。是素怛覽藏。二藏之中。菩薩藏収。十二部中。契 經所攝。具如_二別章_一。言_二所爲_一者。如_二解深密經說_一。三種法輪 中。此經第二法輪攝。故知。此經爲_二菩薩_一說。若依_二 五性_一。 爲_二菩薩性。及不定者_一故說_二此經_一。五性之義。具如_二別章_一。藏

現代語訳

【右頁上段】 名・句等の四法を体とする。故に下文に云う、「この経の名・味・句、乃至千仏の説」等と。二に真如門に帰して、真如を体とする。故に下の経に云う、「法本如、重頌如、乃至、論議如」と。もし広く分別すれば、解深密経の説の如くである。有蔵師は云う、「五忍十地をもって経体とする。五忍によって聖者となるが故に」と。所詮の宗について言えば、測師は云う、「略して三つの解釈を作す。一に云う、この経は三種の般若をもって宗旨とする。いわゆる空理を観ずる、これを実相という。能く詮する智、これを観照という。能く詮する聖教を文字とする。このため観空品の中で三般若を説く」と。一に云う、「この経は宗として二諦を明らかにする。なぜかというと、観空品の中で自利行を明らかにし、教化品の中で利他行を明らかにする。菩薩の観門は二行を出でない。このような二行は二諦を出でない。真諦によるが故に、能護・所護がなく、世諦によるが故に、能・所の二護があり、自他の行が成就する。二諦とは、一つは真諦で、これは空理である。二つは世諦で、すなわち有門である。二諦品の中で、まさに広く分別すべきである」と。一に云う、「今この経は無相をもって宗とする。故に解深密経にこのような説を作す。初めに声聞乗に発趣する者のために四諦輪を説き、次に菩薩乗に発趣する者のために無相輪を説き、後に一切乗に発趣する者のために了義教を説く」と。問う、この無相は三性の中で何等の性を遣するか。三無性の中で何の無性に依るか。解して云う、西方の諸師は分かれて二釈を成す。一つは清弁で、具に三性を遣して空を立てる。すなわち空理を説いて無相とする。詳しくは掌珍論の如くである。二つは護法で、但だ所執を遣す。 【右頁下段】 これを無相とする。深密経等の如くである。三無性の中で、清弁・護法は皆三種の無自性に依って無相とする。これによって真諦・慈恩三蔵は各々一宗に依る。一つは真諦三蔵で、その次第の如く、具に三性を遣して三無性を立てる。一に分別性を遣して分別無相性を立て、二に依他を遣して依他無生性を立て、三に真実を遣して真実無性性を立てる。一つの真如において三性を遣するが故に三無性を立てる。詳しくは三無性論の如くである。このため真諦は大いに清弁と同じである。しかし差別は、清弁菩薩は立てて無当であり、真諦師の意は三無性非安立諦を存する。二に慈恩三蔵は、但だ所執を遣して二性を遣さない。情有理無・理有情無の二義が別だからである。また三無性は、その次第の如く、すなわち三性を説いて三無性とする。故に三十唯識論に言う、「すなわちこの三性に依って、彼の三無性を立てる」と。詳しくは成唯識論・深密経等の如くである。このため清弁・護法菩薩は各々自宗に依ってこの経を釈す。 問う、どうして知るか、この経が具に三種の無性を説くことを。解深密経に云う、「経に『一切法は皆無自性・無生・無滅、本来寂静、自性涅槃』とある如く、何の密意に依るか。世尊自ら説く、『一切諸法は皆無自性』とは、且く三種の無自性性に依って密意に説くなり。『一切諸法は皆無自性・無生・無滅』等と言うは、唯だ相無自性性に依って説く。或いは何ぞ、また相および勝義無自性に依って説く」と。広く分別することは広百論第十巻中の如くである。三師の釈がある。一に瑜伽学徒は依他有を立て、二に清 【左頁上段】 弁菩薩は依他空を説き、三に護法菩薩は両執を双破する。故に彼の論に云う、「第一に瑜伽学徒は、理をもって宗を探る。分別所執は法体が無であり、因縁所生は法体が有である。この惑業によって三有に輪廻し、或いは加行を修して三菩提を証する」と、乃至広説。第二に清弁がこの経を釈して云う、「名は遍計所執、義は依他起性である。名はその義において、有でないが故に無であり、義は世間に随って、無でないが故に有である。これを引いて依他有を証すべからず」と。次に瑜伽学徒が彼の釈経文を破するに二節がある。初めに総じて非理を標し、後に別して四過を顕す。初めの総破に云う、「この釈は然らず。義が相違するが故に」と。後に四失を顕すとは、一に「もし名が義において有でないが故に無なら、義もまた名において無である。何の有があろうか」。二に「またその義において立てる所の名言は、既に因縁生である如く、義のように有であるべきである」。三に「もし妄に所執する能詮の所詮の性があろうか」。四に「名は世俗に随って詮表の能がある。汝はそれを依他起性とすることを許すべからず。義もまた俗に随って仮に有の能を説く。何ぞ遍計所執とすることを許さないか」。結破を設けて云う、「世俗の仮立、能詮・所詮は、無であれば並びに無であるべきであり、有であれば並びに有であるべきである。どうして経に一有一無と説くか。故に汝の所言は経義に契わず」と。次に清弁は己義を証せんがために、復た経を引いて言う、「先のこの名によって、彼の法を詮し、彼は皆性として有でない。法性が皆然るによる」と。次に瑜伽学徒がこの説を破して云う、「経意は名が義において無であることを説かず、但だ所詮の法性が有でないことを説く。諸法の性を弁ずるに、皆詮すべからず。名言の所詮は皆共相である。諸 【左頁下段】 法の自相は皆名言を絶す。自相は無でなく、共相は有でない」と。蔵師は云う、「それ経を説講せんと欲すれば、前にまず大旨を識るべし。この経は無生正観をもって宗とし、有無の二見を離れ、仮に中道と言う。故に下文に云う、『般若は無智・無見、乃至不生・不滅』等と。不生不滅と言うは、中道の異名、不思議寂滅の別称である。また仏性と名づく。則ち十方の仏母、一大事とは、則ちその事である」と。真諦三蔵は云う、「この経は因中の彼の工匠が万行を導くをもって宗とする」と。大統帥は云う、「世間・出世間の道を修行し、この二道をもって、能く国土を護り、仏果を護る、これをもって宗とする」と。 第三に教の所依と所為の有情を顕す。また二門がある。一に教の所依を顕し、二に所為の有情である。所依について言えば、聖教は多くあるが、要するに唯だ三蔵、二蔵、十二部経である。三蔵とは、一に素怛覧、これを契経と云う。二に毘奈耶、これを調伏と云う。三に阿毘達磨、これを対法と云う。二蔵とは、一に声聞蔵、二に菩薩蔵である。十二部とは、いわゆる契経・応頌・記別・諷頌・自説・因縁・譬喩・本事・本生・方広・希法・論議である。この経一部は、三蔵の内では素怛覧蔵であり、二蔵の中では菩薩蔵に収められ、十二部中では契経に摂される。詳しくは別章の如くである。所為について言えば、解深密経の説の如く、三種の法輪の中で、この経は第二法輪に摂される。故に知る、この経は菩薩のために説かれる。もし五性に依れば、菩薩性および不定者のために故にこの経を説く。五性の義は詳しくは別章の如くである。蔵

英語訳

【Right page, upper section】 The four dharmas of names, sentences, etc., constitute the essence. Therefore, the text below states, "The names, meanings, and sentences of this sutra... even the explanations of a thousand Buddhas," etc. Second, returning to the gate of suchness (tathatā), suchness is taken as the essence. Therefore, the sutra below states, "The dharma is fundamentally suchness, repeated verses are suchness... even discussions are suchness." If we distinguish broadly, it is as explained in the Saṃdhinirmocana Sūtra. Master Youzang says, "The five stages of patience and ten stages constitute the sutra's essence, because one becomes a sage through the five stages of patience." Regarding the main doctrine being explained, Master Ce says, "I shall briefly make three interpretations. First, this sutra takes the three types of prajñā as its fundamental teaching. That is, contemplating the principle of emptiness is called true appearance (reality); the wisdom that explains is called contemplative illumination; the sacred teachings that explain are called written words. Therefore, the chapter on contemplating emptiness explains the three prajñās." First, "This sutra takes clarifying the two truths as its main teaching. Why? Because the chapter on contemplating emptiness clarifies practices for self-benefit, and the chapter on transformation clarifies practices for benefiting others. The contemplative approaches of bodhisattvas do not go beyond these two practices. Such two practices do not go beyond the two truths. Because of the ultimate truth, there is no protector and protected; because of conventional truth, there are both protector and protected, and practices of self and others are accomplished. The two truths are: first, ultimate truth, which is the principle of emptiness; second, conventional truth, which is the gate of existence. In the chapter on two truths, this should be broadly distinguished." First, "Now this sutra takes the absence of characteristics as its main teaching. Therefore, the Saṃdhinirmocana Sūtra makes such an explanation: Initially, for those aspiring to the śrāvaka vehicle, the wheel of four truths was taught; next, for those aspiring to the bodhisattva vehicle, the wheel of no-characteristics was taught; finally, for those aspiring to all vehicles, the definitive teaching was explained." Question: Regarding this absence of characteristics, among the three natures, which nature is rejected? Among the three kinds of absence of nature, which absence of nature does it depend on? The explanation states: The various masters of the West divide into two interpretations. First, Bhāvaviveka completely rejects the three natures to establish emptiness. That is, he explains the principle of emptiness as the absence of characteristics. This is detailed in the Hastav­āla-prakaraṇa. Second, Dharmapāla only rejects the imputed nature. 【Right page, lower section】 This is taken as the absence of characteristics, as in the Saṃdhinirmocana Sūtra and others. Among the three kinds of absence of nature, both Bhāvaviveka and Dharmapāla depend on the three types of absence of inherent nature as the absence of characteristics. Through this, Paramārtha and the Tripitaka Master Cien each depend on one school. First, Tripitaka Master Paramārtha, following that sequence, completely rejects the three natures and establishes three kinds of absence of nature: first, rejecting the discriminated nature to establish the discriminated nature's absence of characteristics; second, rejecting the dependent nature to establish the dependent nature's absence of arising; third, rejecting the perfected nature to establish the perfected nature's absence of nature. Within one suchness, because the three natures are rejected, three kinds of absence of nature are established. This is detailed in the Trisvabhāvanirdeśa. Therefore, Paramārtha largely agrees with Bhāvaviveka. However, the difference is that Bodhisattva Bhāvaviveka establishes but lacks substance, while Master Paramārtha's intention preserves the three kinds of absence of nature as non-established truth. Second, Tripitaka Master Cien only rejects the imputed nature without rejecting the two natures, because the two meanings of "existing in consciousness but not in principle" and "existing in principle but not in consciousness" are different. Also, the three kinds of absence of nature, following that sequence, explain the three natures as three kinds of absence of nature. Therefore, the Triṃśikā states, "Depending on these three natures, those three kinds of absence of nature are established." This is detailed in the Vijñaptimātratāsiddhi, Saṃdhinirmocana Sūtra, etc. Therefore, Bodhisattvas Bhāvaviveka and Dharmapāla each depend on their own schools to interpret this sutra. Question: How do we know that this sutra comprehensively explains the three types of absence of nature? The Saṃdhinirmocana Sūtra states: "As the sutra says, 'All dharmas are without inherent nature, without arising, without cessation, originally tranquil, nirvāṇa by nature'—based on what hidden intention? The World-Honored One himself explained: 'All dharmas are without inherent nature' is explained with hidden intention, temporarily depending on the three types of absence of inherent nature. Saying 'All dharmas are without inherent nature, without arising, without cessation, etc.' is explained only depending on the absence of characteristics of inherent nature. Or why is it also explained depending on characteristics and the supreme meaning's absence of inherent nature?" Broad distinctions are as in the tenth volume of the *Śataśāstra. There are interpretations by three masters: First, the Yogācāra students establish the existence of the dependent nature; second, Bodhisattva Bhāvaviveka 【Left page, upper section】 explains the emptiness of the dependent nature; third, Bodhisattva Dharmapāla refutes both attachments. Therefore, that treatise states: "First, the Yogācāra students explore the doctrine through reasoning: the discriminated and imputed has no dharma-essence; what arises from causes and conditions has dharma-essence. Through such delusion and karma, one cycles through the three realms of existence, or cultivates applied practices to realize the three enlightenments," and so forth extensively. Second, Bhāvaviveka interprets this sutra saying: "Names are the universally imputed; meanings are the dependent nature. Names, regarding their meanings, are non-existent and therefore empty; meanings, following the world, are not non-existent and therefore existent. One cannot cite this to prove the existence of the dependent nature." Next, the Yogācāra students refute his interpretation of the sutra text in two sections: first, generally indicating the unreasonableness; later, separately showing four faults. The initial general refutation states: "This interpretation is not so, because the meaning contradicts." The later revelation of four faults: First, "If names are non-existent regarding meaning and therefore empty, meaning is also non-existent regarding names. What existence is there?" Second, "Moreover, the verbal expressions established regarding those meanings, being causally arisen like meanings, should exist." Third, "How could there be the nature of what explains and what is explained that is falsely imputed?" Fourth, "Names, following conventional usage, have the ability to explain and express. You cannot permit them to be dependent arising nature. Meanings also, following convention, are conventionally explained as having ability. Why not permit them to be universally imputed?" The concluding refutation states: "Conventional establishment of what explains and what is explained: if non-existent, both should be non-existent; if existent, both should be existent. How does the sutra explain one as existent and one as non-existent? Therefore, your words do not accord with the sutra's meaning." Next, Bhāvaviveka, to prove his own doctrine, again cites the sutra saying: "Through these former names, those dharmas are explained; they all have no inherent nature, because the nature of dharmas is thus." Next, the Yogācāra students refute this explanation saying: "The sutra's intention does not explain that names are non-existent regarding meanings, but only explains that the nature of what is explained by dharmas is not existent. In distinguishing the nature of all dharmas, none can be explained. What is explained by verbal expressions are all general characteristics. The 【Left page, lower section】 individual characteristics of all dharmas transcend verbal expressions. Individual characteristics are not non-existent; general characteristics are not existent." Master Zang says: "If one wishes to expound and lecture on a sutra, one must first understand its main purport. This sutra takes the correct contemplation of non-arising as its fundamental teaching, departing from the two views of existence and non-existence, provisionally called the Middle Way. Therefore, the text below states, 'Prajñā is without knowledge, without seeing... neither arising nor ceasing,' etc. 'Neither arising nor ceasing' is an alternative name for the Middle Way, another designation for inconceivable tranquil extinction. It is also called Buddha-nature. It is the mother of Buddhas in the ten directions; the one great matter is precisely that matter." Tripitaka Master Paramārtha says: "This sutra takes as its fundamental teaching that master craftsman in the causal stage guiding myriad practices." The Great Commander says: "Cultivating the mundane and supramundane paths, through these two paths, one can protect the nation and protect the Buddha-fruit—this is taken as the fundamental teaching." Third, revealing what the teaching depends on and the sentient beings it is intended for. There are also two aspects: first, revealing what the teaching depends on; second, the sentient beings it is intended for. Regarding what it depends on: although sacred teachings are numerous, essentially they are only the three piṭakas, two collections, and twelve divisions of scriptures. The three piṭakas are: first, sūtranta, translated as "discourses"; second, vinaya, translated as "discipline"; third, abhidharma, translated as "higher dharma." The two collections are: first, the śrāvaka collection; second, the bodhisattva collection. The twelve divisions are: discourses, verses, prophecies, verses for chanting, inspired utterances, causes and conditions, analogies, past events, birth stories, extensive teachings, rare phenomena, and discussions. This sutra, as one work, belongs to the sūtranta collection among the three piṭakas, is included in the bodhisattva collection among the two collections, and is subsumed under discourses among the twelve divisions. Details are as in separate chapters. Regarding what it is intended for: as explained in the Saṃdhinirmocana Sūtra, among the three dharma wheels, this sutra belongs to the second dharma wheel. Therefore, we know this sutra is explained for bodhisattvas. If according to the five natures, this sutra is explained for those of bodhisattva nature and those of indeterminate nature. The meaning of the five natures is detailed in separate chapters. Zang