英語訳
## Page Twenty-Two
### [Upper Section]
## *Saisho mondō-shō* (*Treatise on Questions and Answers on the Saisho [King of Glories] Sūtra*), Fascicle Three
### Fascicle Three
**Question:** The sūtra text says: "Rejoicing in and praising all the merits that are present" (etc.). In that case, is this "rejoicing" (*zuiki*) here the same as the act of "praising" (*sandan*), or are they each separate practices?
**Both sides (presented):** If rejoicing (*zuiki*) is identical to the act of praising (*sandan*), then looking directly at the sūtra text: "All bodhisattvas rejoice in and praise all the merits that are present" (etc.) — since rejoicing and praising are already listed separately, it is certainly known that they are not one single practice. Based on this, the Venerable Zizhou (*Sōshū Daishi*) in the present commentary judges that "praising (*sandan*) is the same as consoling joy (*keii*)" and it appears that rejoicing (*zuiki*) is not praising (*sandan*). But if one follows this view, (it conflicts with the fact that) in another place the Master says "rejoicing (*zuiki*) is the act of praising" (etc.). Neither position is clear. How (should this be understood)?
**Personal view:** That this rejoicing (*zuiki*) here corresponds to consoling joy (*keii*) is beyond doubt. The reason Tz'u-en (*Jion*) and Zizhou (*Sōshū*) offer no special gloss is that the meanings of *keii* and *zuiki* are equal. However, according to the appropriateness of context, there are cases where (rejoicing) corresponds to praising and cases where it does not. Now, in the present sūtra, rejoicing and praising are listed separately and shown to be separate dharmas; therefore praising (*sandan*) is assigned to consoling joy (*keii*) and not to rejoicing (*zuiki*). To praise another and to rejoice in that matter — these are indeed the same. In the Lotus Sūtra, among the four practices, only rejoicing (*zuiki*) is cited. Therefore, wishing to show the aspect in which rejoicing and praising are one, the *Xuanzhan* (*Gensan*) comments: "These are one." If that is so, could there be two different ways to establish (the relationship between rejoicing and praising) among the four practices? The intent of the commentary on the *Saisho* (*King of Glories*) Sūtra lists "self-practice (*jisaku*), teaching and converting (*kyōke*), consoling joy (*keii*), and rejoicing (*zuiki*)" and assigns praising (*sandan*) to
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consoling joy (*keii*). If one follows the intent of the *Xuanzhan* (*Gensan*), (the list is) "self-practice (*jisaku*), teaching others (*kyōta*), praising (*sandan*), and consoling joy (*keii*)," with rejoicing (*zuiki*) assigned to praising (*sandan*). Therefore, praising, rejoicing, and consoling joy are assigned differently according to the appropriate context.
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**Question (the other side):** The sūtra text says: "Rejoicing in and praising all the merits that are present" (etc.). In that case, is rejoicing (*zuiki*) the practice of praising (*sandan*)? How (should this be understood)?
**Both sides (presented):** If they are one (and the same): rejoicing (*zuiki*) has the meaning of delighting and being pleased (*kin'etsu*), while praising (*sandan*) refers to words of admiration (*shōbi*) — their meanings are already different. How can (rejoicing) be assigned to (praising)? Hence the sūtra text and the present commentary's interpretation both appear to show them as separate practices. If one follows this view, (it conflicts with the fact that) in the *Xuanzhan* (*Gensan*), (it says) "rejoicing (*zuiki*) is identical to praising (*sandan*)" (etc.). If so, how (should this be understood)?
**The *Xuanzhan* (*Gensan*) says:** In the *Madhyānta-vibhāga* (*Benshū-ron*), there are ten dharma-practices (*jū-hōgyō*). In each of those individual practices, there are four (subsidiary) practices: first, practicing oneself (*jisaku*); second, teaching others (*kyōta*); third, praising (*sandan*); fourth, consoling joy (*keii*). Now, "rejoicing" (*zuiki*) in the (present) sūtra is identical to praising (*sandan*). (The sūtra) cites one (practice) and exemplifies the rest. Now, it merely cites one: when one hears "rejoicing" (*zuiki*), this exemplifies the remaining (practices of) practicing oneself, teaching others, and consoling joy (etc.).
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**Question:** The sūtra text says: "Turning the wondrous wheel of the Dharma, upholding and illuminating the wheel of the Dharma" (etc.). In that case, is this wheel of the Dharma (here) the wheel of the Dharma of the three paths — the path of seeing (*kendō*), the path of cultivation (*shūdō*), and the path of no-further-training (*mugakudō*) — or how (should this be understood)?
**Both sides (presented):** If (it is the three-path wheel of the Dharma), then the Patriarch's (i.e., the Yogācāra school's) writings in various places, in agreement with the *Saṃdhinirmocana-sūtra* (the *Sōryōkan-shō* chapter), judge that there are the three-period wheels of (*teaching on*) existence, emptiness, and the middle. If one follows this position, the present sūtra's preceding and following passages clarify "the wheel of the Dharma of three turnings and twelve aspects" (*santō jūni-gyō*). How can one suddenly speak of "the three-period teachings of existence, emptiness, and the middle"? Moreover, even if this passage (on turning, illuminating, and upholding) does not follow in sequence (in the same order), (the text) should indicate the three types (of turning the wheel): demonstrating characteristics (*jisō*), encouraging cultivation (*kanshū*), and attaining realization (*sakushō*). For this reason, Hŭngbŏp (*Kōhō*), the Dharma Master from Silla, (commented): "The wheel of the Dharma of the three paths of seeing, cultivation, and no-further-training" (etc.). Is this interpretation not especially in accord with the textual appearance? According to the masters who establish the four teachings and five periods, the passages on "turning," "illuminating," and "upholding" are not in sequence, so they are not reliable evidence for the three periods (etc.). The views put forth by other
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schools also have merit. Neither side is clear. How (should this be understood)? ([Colophon note:] Yukaku (*Yukaku*) raised this question at the four-season lectures.)
**Personal view:** In the *Xuanzhan* (*Gensan*) (fascicle one), explaining the present sūtra text, (it says): "That is to say, turning, illuminating, and upholding (mean): turning the dharma of the four noble truths; illuminating existence by means of emptiness; (and) being able to uphold (the principle that is) neither empty nor existent" (etc.). The intent is: in ancient times at Vārāṇasī (Benares), (the Buddha) "turned the wheel of the Dharma of the four noble truths" (etc.). In the customary understanding of doctrinal classifications (*kyōsō*), "turning" (*ten*) is named the "teaching of the four noble truths" (*shitai no oshie*). "Seeing that the five aggregates are all empty, (the Buddha) transcended all suffering and distress" (etc.) — "illuminating" (*shō*) is named "awakening to emptiness" (*kū wo satori*). If turning and illuminating already (correspond to) the teachings of existence and emptiness, then "upholding" (*ji*) should also be "neither empty nor existent" (the middle way). Because it is through "neither empty nor existent" that one can uphold "all-existent and all-empty," the third period is named "upholding." The names perfectly accord with and correspond to the principles (*gidō*). The Patriarch's interpretation follows the sūtra text with full attention. The sūtra text is not explicit (as to the three-period reading), and while the commentary makes two interpretations, the latter interpretation is the one that should be relied upon as the true meaning (*jitsugī*). Hence in various places the Master (*Kuiji/Jion*) does not resort to two interpretations and only states the latter interpretation. The interpretation that assigns (the three turnings) to the three paths of seeing, cultivation, and no-further-training is a forced analysis (*kyōryōkan*) outside the customary explanation — who would employ it? However, the sequence of turning, illuminating, and upholding is based on phonological convenience (*on'in no bengi*), not on the sequence of meaning. (This is the intent of the commentary.) Based on this, looking at the eight-fascicle version of the sūtra text, the sequence of turning, illuminating, and holding is listed (in that order). If that is so, perhaps the definitive judgment of the other school is not (necessarily) in conflict (with the commentary's intent).
**The *Xuanzhan* (*Gensan*) says:** "Such a bodhisattva — through the three turnings — in the first turning, (which is) at the path of seeing, is called the 'turning of direct encounter with characteristics' (*sōten*, *sokusō-ten*). In the second turning, (which is) at the path of cultivation, is called the 'turning of what should be cultivated' (*ōshū-ten*). In the third turning, (which is) at the path of no-further-training, is called the 'turning of what has been accomplished' (*isaku-ten*). At each turning, with respect to each (of the four) noble truths, four aspects of practice (*shigyōsō*) arise. The three turnings, when discussed vertically, constitute twelve aspects. In this way, combining the four noble truths, (the number) becomes forty-eight, but (this) does not exceed twelve. Because the numbers are equal. Collectively (these are) named 'the three turnings and twelve aspects of practice'" (etc.).
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Also says: "That is, when a bodhisattva enters direct contemplation (*genkan*, *pratyakṣa-abhisamaya*), (he) truly and directly knows: 'This is the noble truth of suffering,' up to 'This is the noble truth of the path.' The noble wisdom of direct perception (*genmyō no shōchi*) present therein is able to eliminate the afflictions eliminated on the path of seeing (*kendō-shodan no bonnō*). At that time, (this) is said to be the arising of the eye of noble wisdom (*shōeigen*). This (wisdom), through dependence on the ancient and the present (worlds, i.e., past and present), has distinctions; therefore, in their sequence, (they are) named wisdom (*chi*), illumination (*myō*), and awakening (*kaku*)" (etc.).
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Regarding the three turnings of the wheel of the Dharma — there are the self-turning (*jiten*) and the other-turning (*taten*) (with respect to past, future, and present). How are these to be understood?
The meaning of the self-performing three turnings (*ji-santenjō*) is as in the passage above: (the bodhisattva) himself progresses through the three paths, awakens to the (inner and outer) four noble truths — this is called self-turning (*jiten*). (The Buddha) explains its characteristics for the sake of others, causing them to awaken and understand — this is called other-turning (*taten*). Hence the following passage in the *Xuanzhan* (*Gensan*) says: "This (refers to) the three turnings by the Buddha for others: the first is named 'demonstrating characteristics' (*jisō*) — because (the Buddha) demonstrates the characteristics of the four noble truths. The next is named 'encouraging cultivation' (*kanshū*) — because (beings) cultivate the practice of the (noble) truths. The last is named 'attaining realization' (*sakushō*) — because (the Buddha) serves as confirmation and attestation of realization, knowing that their (practice) is fulfilled" (etc.). Based on this, someone says: "(The self-turnings of) direct encounter (*sokusō*), should-be-cultivated (*ōshū*), and already-accomplished (*isaku*) can be said to correspond respectively in the other-turning to demonstrating characteristics (*jisō*), encouraging cultivation (*kanshū*), and attaining realization (*sakushō*)."
**Question:** Do both self-turning and other-turning have twelve aspects (*jūni-gyō*)?
**Answer:** Although the three cycles (*sanshū*) are the same, the twelve aspects of practice (*jūni-gyōsō*) belong only to self-turning (*jiten*).
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**Question:** In the commentary of the present fascicle, in the context of clarifying the objects apprehended by the five eyes (*gogen*) — can the physical eye (*niku-gen*) and the divine eye (*ten-gen*) apprehend the verbal karma (*gogō*) of sentient beings?
**Both sides (presented):** If (the physical and divine eyes) apprehend (verbal karma): the physical eye apprehends color-images such as blue and yellow; the divine eye discerns colors that are obstructed, subtle, and distant — these are the standard definitions (*shōsō*) in both Mahāyāna and Hīnayāna. How can one say (these eyes) apprehend verbal karma (*gogō*)? If (verbal karma) is understood as nominal verbal karma (*ke no gogō*), this is verbal sound (*gosō*, auditory phenomena). If (verbal karma) is understood as real karma (*jitsu no gō*), it belongs to the mental factor (*shin'jo*) of volition (*shi*, *cetanā*) within the aggregate of formations (*gyōun*, *saṃskāra-skandha*), which is likewise not within the domain (*gyōkyō*) of the eye. Stating that (the eye) apprehends it — how could this not be questionable? But if one follows this view, in the present commentary it is (already) visible (in what follows that…)