英語訳
## Page Thirty-Four
### [Upper Section]
Therefore, (what was transformed at the phenomenal path of insight) is said to "illuminate the ultimate truth (*shintai*, *paramārtha-satya*)," while the transformed image-part (*sōbun*, *nimitta-bhāga*) being the conventional truth is why it is said to "take the conventional truth (*zokutai*, *saṃvṛti-satya*) as its object." Next, regarding the suppression of afflictions of the paths of insight and cultivation (*kenji-bonnō* and *shuji-bonnō*) at the fifth ground: although the afflictions of the path of cultivation (*shuji-waku*, *bhāvanā-kleśa*) are suppressed and cut off at the various stages before and after, the specific ability of this ground is the removal of the incidental accompanying latent tendencies (*kyakuhan-zuimin*, *āgantuka-sahacārin-anuśaya*). Therefore, it is said that (the fifth ground) "suppresses the afflictions of cultivation" (in this specific respect). It is not said that the suppression of the afflictions of cultivation in general (*sōjimonno*) is the superior capacity (*shōnō*) of this ground. Next, regarding the afflictions of insight and cultivation, they are explained with reference to the point at which they are utterly exhausted. It is not said that (the fifth ground) suppresses them (entirely). It is analogous to how the *Buddhabhūmi-sūtra* (*Butsuchi-kyō*) explains the bodhisattva of the fourth ground as "cutting off the two kinds of view of self (*shinkен*, *ātma-dṛṣṭi*) — the discriminatively-arisen (*funbetsu-ki*) and the innately-arisen (*guishō-ki*)" — this is stated with reference to the point at which (these afflictions) are utterly exhausted.
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**Question:** In the sūtra's clarification of the ten perfections (*jūhāramitsu*, *daśa-pāramitā*), is the sixth, *prajñā-pāramitā*, limited exclusively to the fundamental wisdom (*konpon-chi*, *mūla-jñāna*, i.e., non-discriminating wisdom), or does it extend to something beyond this?
**It is advanced:** If it is limited to fundamental wisdom, then looking at the explicit text of the sūtra, where *prajñā-pāramitā* is clarified and it states "(one who) yearns for the profound Dharma of all Buddhas and Tathāgatas and elucidates the method of penetrating the five sciences (*go-myō*, *pañca-vidyā*)," it becomes clear that it extends to subsequently-attained wisdom (*gotoku-chi*, *pṛṣṭhalabdha-jñāna*) as well. Based on this, the Great Master of Zizhou (Zhizhou, 知周) interprets it as extending to subsequently-attained wisdom. However, if that is so, then in the system of ten perfections, the sixth should be limited exclusively to fundamental wisdom. If it extends to subsequently-attained wisdom, in what way does it differ from the tenth, *jñāna-pāramitā* (the perfection of wisdom/knowledge)? Furthermore, the *Vijñaptimātratā-śāstra* (*Yuishiki-ron*) states: "The sixth encompasses only non-discriminating wisdom (*mufunbetsu-chi*)" (etc.). How should this be understood? [Marginal note: (Composed by) Shiki no Kunkyō.]
Furthermore, a difficulty is raised: In the *Xuanzan* (*Gensan*, 玄賛, *Commentary on the Chéng wéishí lùn*, Fascicle Three), it states: "The latter five perfections (*pāramitā*) all have subsequently-attained wisdom as their essential nature (*shō*)" (etc.). This interpretation also appears to indicate that the sixth *prajñā* (perfection) is subsequently-attained wisdom. How should this be understood?
A certain question-and-answer text states: Regarding the *Xuanzan* interpretation, it is not the Great Master's (Kuiji's) own personal commentary; (rather, he) is quoting the treatise's text. From this it is known that
### [Lower Section]
the character "five (*go*)" is a scribal error. It should read "the latter four *pāramitā* all have subsequently-attained wisdom as their essential nature." Alternatively, it may be said so only in the majority of cases (*taibun*).
A certain person says: Regarding the *Xuanzan* interpretation, at the level of the six perfections (*roku-haramitsu*), the sixth *prajñā* (perfection) is subsumed under subsequently-attained wisdom. For this reason, the six perfections and the ten perfections are taken together and stated thus. Alternatively, "having subsequently-attained wisdom as its essential nature (*gotoku-chi-shō*)" means that the term "nature (*shō*)" refers to the fundamental wisdom (*konpon-chi*) that possesses the quality/nature (*shō*) of subsequently-attained wisdom. It is called "the nature of subsequently-attained wisdom (manifested in fundamental wisdom)." If that is so, then perhaps today's sūtra text is describing the combined intent of the six perfections and the ten perfections. And perhaps the *Xuanzan*'s commentary is based on today's sūtra text? There are many ways to reconcile the two, and it is difficult to bring the sūtra text and the *Xuanzan* into full agreement.
The *Xuanzan*, Fascicle Three, states: "As for bringing forth (the text's) essential nature (*taishō*): from (the perfections of) skillful means (*hōben*) through wisdom (*chi*), all have wisdom (*e*, *prajñā*) as their essential nature. Non-discriminating wisdom (*mufunbetsu-chi*) inwardly merges in hidden fashion with the true sphere (*shinkyō*, true thusness). In subsequently-attained wisdom (*gotoku-chi*), one benefits others and expounds the Dharma, and is able to bring forth the wondrous function (*myōyō*) of skillful means. (These) have subsequently-attained wisdom as their essential nature. As the *Vijñaptimātratā(-śāstra)* and others explain, the latter five *pāramitā* all have subsequently-attained wisdom as their essential nature" (etc.).
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**Question:** The sūtra text states "(one who) gives rise to (*hoki*) the ignorance (*mumyō*, *avidyā*) of various (*shuju*) karmic acts (*gyō*, *karman*)" (etc.). In that case, is this the ignorance within the obstruction to knowables (*shochi-shō*, *jñeyāvaraṇa*)?
**It is advanced:** The commentary (*疏*) states: "Among the two (kinds of) folly that are cut off at the second ground, this is the folly of various karmic destinies (*shuju-gyōshu-gu*)" (etc.). Therefore this is the ignorance of the obstruction to knowables (*shochi-shō*). Regarding this: the obstruction to knowables is not a "binding dharma (*baku-hō*, *bandha-dharma*)." How can it give rise to karmic acts (*gyō*)? Based on this, the *Vijñaptimātratā-śāstra* (Fascicle Eight) states: "It has no function of generating karma (*hatsu-gō*) or moistening birth (*junjō*)" (etc.). The obstruction to knowables definitely has no function of generating karma or moistening birth. Therefore the commentary's interpretation is unclear. How should this be understood?
**Personal view:** This matter is a question-and-answer by the commentary master (*shushu*, the author of the *疏*). In answer, (the commentary) states: "With respect to not being able to generate karma that brings about (*maneku*) birth in the various realms (*kai-shu*, *dhātu-gati*) (through) differentially-ripening karmic fruit (*ijuku-ka*, *vipākaphala*), it is said 'does not generate karma.' As for not being able to bring about the three karmic acts (*sanyō*) in general, this obstruction to knowables is not (one that) cannot generate (such karma)..."
## Page Thirty-Five
### [Upper Section]
"...the fruits are the two fruits of outflow (*tōryu-ka*, *niṣyanda-phala*) and dominance (*zōjō-ka*, *adhipati-phala*)" (etc.). The meaning is: that the obstruction to knowables does not generate karma means it does not generate the karma that brings about (*maneku*) the differentially-ripening fruit (*ijuku-ka*) of birth in the three realms and five destinies (*sangai-goshu*, *traidhātuka-pañcagati*). However, as for the karma that brings about what is not the differentially-ripening fruit but rather the outflow fruit (*tōryu-ka*) and the dominant fruit (*zōjō-ka*), this (obstruction to knowables) does generate it. This is precisely the "folly of various karmic destinies (*shuju-gyōshu-gu*)" cut off at the second ground. What the present commentary's interpretation describes is the commentary's interpretation in the ninth fascicle, and therefore there is no fault.
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**Question:** The sūtra text (mentions) "At that time, the Bodhisattva Lion-Aspect-Unobstructed-Radiance-Flame (*Shishi-sō-muge-kōen-bosatsu*, 師子相無礙光焰菩薩)" (etc.). On account of what superior meritorious qualities did he receive this name?
**It is advanced:** The commentary states: "Because he has attained the four unobstructed (wisdoms) (*shi-muge*, *catur-pratisaṃvid*) of the bodhisattva, he is named 'Lion-Aspect (*Shishi-sō*).' Because he is separated from obstructions, he is named 'Unobstructed (*Muge*).' Because he has attained sovereign wisdom (*chi-no-jizai*) and can illuminate both ultimate and conventional truths, he is named 'Radiance-Flame (*Kōen*)'" (etc.). Regarding this: all bodhisattvas of deep stages (*jinmi-i*) are all endowed with these meritorious qualities. Why does only this (bodhisattva) receive this name? Furthermore, which ground (*chi-i*, *bhūmi*) does this bodhisattva's name represent? Attaining the four unobstructed (wisdoms) is the superior capacity of the ninth ground. The term "Unobstructed (*Muge*)" represents the ninth ground. The epithet "Radiance-Flame (*Kōen*)," (i.e.,) the term for unified contemplation of ultimate and conventional truths, represents the superior capacity of the fifth ground. If so, then in interpreting the present name (of this bodhisattva), the bodhisattva's distinct name is not made clear, and his stage (*chi-i*) is also confused. How could this possibly resolve the original intent of the sūtra text? How should this be understood?
**Personal view:** Establishing a distinct name (*betsu-myō*) within general (qualities) is the regular practice (*jōshū*) of Buddhas and bodhisattvas. Even if any bodhisattva possesses these capacities, what fault is there in establishing a distinct name? However, as for the indication of the ground and stage (*chi-i*), according to the commentary master's intent, it represents the bodhisattva of the ninth ground. The reason for this is: "expressing the attainment of the four unobstructed (wisdoms) and sovereign wisdom" manifests the attainment of the thusness (*shinnyо*, *tathatā*) that serves as the basis for sovereign wisdom (i.e., the thusness of "freedom from bondage and liberation," *mubaku-gedatsu-shinnyo*, realized at the ninth ground). Next, regarding the matter of illuminating ultimate and conventional truths becoming confused with the (fifth or) ninth
### [Lower Section]
ground [marginal note: (by textual consideration) "ninth (*ku*)" is probably "fifth (*go*)"]: the commentary of the Dharma Master Xing (*Kōhōshi*, i.e., Woncheuk, 圓測) states: "Not relying on preparatory practices (*kegyō*), the two wisdoms of ultimate and conventional truth spontaneously arise and brilliantly manifest (*kōgen-ki*)" (etc.). The meaning is that in this ninth ground's unified contemplation of the ultimate and conventional truths, because it is not dependent on preparatory practices (*kegyō*, *prayoga*) and (the contemplation) takes place effortlessly (*mu-kuyō*, without deliberate exertion), it is said to be different from the fifth ground's contemplation with deliberate exertion (*u-kuyō*, *sābhisaṃskāra*).
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**Question:** [Ruby annotation: (Composed by) Shiki no Kunkyō.] (In the *Yogācārabhūmi-śāstra*,) in the clarification of the ten kinds of arousing the aspiration (for awakening, *jisshu-no-hosshin*, *daśa-cittotpāda*): should "the arousing of aspiration before the attainment of the fruit (*mishōka-hosshin*)" be taken to include the stage of resolute understanding (*shōge-gyōchi*, *adhimukticaryā-bhūmi*)?
**It is advanced:** (Looking at the commentary,) the commentary does not appear to include it. Regarding this: the expression "arousing of aspiration before the attainment of the fruit" contains nothing to exclude (certain stages). Why would it not include that stage? Moreover, reading the text of the *Yogācārabhūmi-śāstra*, it says: "(from) the stage of resolute understanding (*shōge-gyōchi*) ... through the tenth ground" (etc.). Therefore the commentary's interpretation is unclear. How should this be understood?
**Personal view:** "The arousing of aspiration before the attainment of the fruit" should broadly extend to encompass the stage of resolute understanding, because the text of the *Yogācārabhūmi-śāstra* is explicit about this. However, as for the commentary's interpretation, it says: "'The arousing of aspiration before the attainment of the result' means those in the stage of cause (*in-i*, prior to Buddhahood)." The expression "stage of cause (*in-i*)" is broad — why would it exclude that stage? It should encompass all five stages (*gochi*, the five stages of the bodhisattva path).
The *Yogācārabhūmi-śāstra*, Fascicle Seventy-Two, states: "Furthermore, there are ten kinds of arousing the aspiration (for awakening) ... 'The arousing of aspiration before the attainment of the fruit' means all the aspirations aroused from the stage of resolute understanding through the tenth ground. 'The arousing of aspiration having already attained the fruit' means all the aspirations aroused at the Tathāgata's stage" (etc.).
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**Question:** In the *Mañjuśrī-paripṛcchā-bodhicitta-sūtra* (*Monju-shōmon-bodaishin-kyō*, 文殊所問菩提心経), four kinds of arousing the aspiration (for awakening) are explained. First, regarding the "initial arousing of the aspiration (*shohosshin*, 初発心)" — does it belong to the stage before the grounds (*chizen*) or the stage on the grounds (*chijō*)? Both sides are presented: If it (refers to) the first ground, since it already says "initial arousing of the aspiration (*shohosshin*)" — how can