英語訳
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— and benefits (beings) (etc.). If that is so, the present commentary describes the principle of many Buddhas appearing simultaneously (therein), (stating): "Based on the land of the Enjoyment-body received by others (*tajuyū-do*) and the appropriate correspondence (*ōgō*), it is thus said to be simultaneous" (etc.). The interpretation is without dispute, and the principle of (Buddhas) appearing simultaneously appears (to be affirmed). How (should this be understood)?
A certain person's view states: "In the 'Chapter on the Three Bodies' (*Sanshin-shō*), a bodhisattva of the second ground sees the Buddha on a throne of a thousand petals and (also) sees the Buddha on a throne of ten hundred petals. A bodhisattva of the third ground sees the Buddha on a throne of ten thousand petals and (also) sees the Buddha on a throne of one hundred thousand petals (etc.)." This is precisely because the higher (stage) encompasses the lower, so (the bodhisattva) in turn also sees the transforming Buddhas (*nōke-butsu*) of lower stages. Setting forth this meaning, the present commentary speaks of the multiple simultaneous appearance of Buddhas (*tabutsu-hanjutsu*) in the Enjoyment-body received by others (etc.). This interpretation seems correct. However, upon reflection: the bodhisattvas to be transformed (*shoke-bosatsu*) should see only one transforming Buddha-body (*nōke-isshin*). Yet now (the bodhisattva) already sees many transforming Buddhas of lower stages. Because the Buddhas seen are many, would this be what is meant by "many Buddhas appearing simultaneously"?
It is also said: Because the bodhisattvas to be transformed by the Enjoyment-body received by others awaken to the principle that dependent-arising (*etaga*, *paratantra*) is like an illusion (*nyogen*, *māyā*), the land in which they dwell is likewise an illusory land. Hence, the World of Peace and Nourishment (*Anyō-sekai*, i.e., Sukhāvatī) is located within the Sahā world, and the land of Śākyamuni's Reward-body (*hōbutsu-do*) is identical to Amitābha's Pure Land. A single country, a single world, is at the same time many lands and many Reward-body lands. Relying on this principle, one might say that the Reward-body land has the principle of many Buddhas appearing simultaneously. For the Transformation-body (*keshin*), since (its) beings to be transformed do not comprehend the illusory nature (of phenomena), this principle does not apply.
**Question:** The sūtra text states: "The circular halo of one *hiro* (*jinjō*, one fathom) illuminates (that which is) without limit" (etc.). Regarding the reason why the Buddha's constant halo is of one *hiro*, how does the commentary master interpret this?
**It is advanced:** The commentary states: "Out of compassion for sentient beings, the constant halo is one *hiro*" (etc.) (summary of meaning).
Regarding this (a difficulty arises): If it is for the benefit of sentient beings, the Buddha's constant halo should extend throughout the worlds of the ten directions. Those who encounter the
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light must be freed from suffering and attain happiness. If that is the case, then conversely, the matter of benefiting beings becomes narrower (in scope). Is there not some doubt in one aspect of this interpretation?
**Personal view:** The commentary master's interpretation cites the text of the *Mahāprajñāpāramitā-sūtra* (*Daihanya*); reading that text directly: "In order to show compassion to all sentient beings, (the Buddha) gathers his light and constantly illuminates (an area of) one *hiro* before his face (in each direction)" (etc.). Although, if he were to intentionally project it (*sai*), (the light) could illuminate boundless worlds, in order to benefit the sentient beings immediately present and nearby, (the Buddha) gathers his light to one *hiro*. The Buddha's skillful means (*hōben*, *upāya*) for benefiting beings extends from near to far; depending on the depth or shallowness of karmic connection (*kien*), at times (the light) illuminates boundless worlds, but ordinarily (it is) one *hiro*. This seems to be most reasonable. [Marginal note: The *Jōshō-kyō-sho* (commentary on the *Sūtra on Maitreya's Ascent to Tuṣita*) is the same as the present commentary's interpretation.]
The *Jōshō-kyō-sho* states: "The body-light spontaneously (*ninyun*, *anābhoga*) illuminates the three-thousand great-thousand world-system (*sanze-daisendo-kai*, *trisāhasra-mahāsāhasra-loka-dhātu*), pervading it entirely without exception. If (the Buddha) intentionally (*sai*) projects (the light), he can universally illuminate immeasurable, boundless, and incomparable worlds. However, out of compassion for all sentient beings, (the Buddha) gathers his light and constantly illuminates (an area of) one *hiro* before his face (in each direction). Were he to release his body-light fully, the light of the sun, moon, and so forth would all permanently cease to appear. All classes of sentient beings would then be unable to know the count of day and night, half-months, months, seasons, and so on, and there would be cases in which the work they must accomplish could not be completed" (etc.).
**Question:** The sūtra text clarifies that five hundred million monks (*bhikṣu*, *biku*) are to receive the prophecy (*kibetsu*, *vyākaraṇa*) of future Buddhahood: "Having passed thirty-three incalculable eons (*sanjūsan-asōgi-kō*, *trayastriṃśat-asaṃkhyeya-kalpa*), one shall attain Buddhahood" (etc.). So how does the commentary master interpret this?
**It is advanced:** The commentary states: "(The commentary master) cites the *Liang Sho-ron* (*Liang* translation of the *Mahāyānasaṃgraha*, *Shōdaiijō-ron*) and interprets that each of the ten grounds involves passing through three incalculable eons (*sanzōki*, *trisaṃkhyeya*)."
Regarding this (a difficulty arises): Concerning the thirty-three incalculable eons of the *Liang Mahāyānasaṃgraha*, the founder of our school (Kuiji, *Sōke*) has raised various objections. That is to say, in the *Yuqie-luezuan* (*Yoga-ryakusan*, Abridged Commentary on the *Yogācārabhūmi-śāstra*), (it is stated): "Although this text exists, it cannot be relied upon; it is not known what accumulation constitutes 'innumerable'" (etc.). And in the *Hokke-shōshaku* (*Fahua-shezhi*, Commentary Incorporating the *Mahāyānasaṃgraha* on the Lotus Sūtra):
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"Examining the present *Mahāyānasaṃgraha* and other sūtras and treatises, I have never encountered (the figure of) thirty-three. I fear this was fixed by the people of this land (i.e., China) according to their own judgment." Since (these interpretations) are already subject to the objection of contradicting both principle and scripture, how can the present sūtra's teaching be said to accord with the *Liang Mahāyānasaṃgraha*? There is doubt in the interpretation. How (should this be understood)?
**The *Butsumoshō* states:** "Examining the intent of the *Liang Mahāyānasaṃgraha*, the 'thirty-three' takes the great, medium, and small kalpas as its count (*su*). Hence that treatise states: 'The thirty-three *saṃkhyā* are no different in length from the three *saṃkhyā*' (etc.). Regarding the great, medium, and small (kalpas), the *Xuanzan* says the source of the interpretation arises from this. However, based on this text, there arises the fault of contradicting both teaching and principle. 'Contradicting principle' means: the *Yoga-ryakusan* states: 'Although this text exists, it cannot be relied upon; it is not known what accumulation constitutes "innumerable"' (etc.). 'Contradicting teaching' means: the objection in the *Shō-shaku* (*Shezhi*) states: 'Examining the present *Mahāyānasaṃgraha* and other sūtras and treatises, I have never encountered (the figure of) thirty-three' (etc.). However, with regard to the teaching of the *Sūtra of Golden Light* (*Saishō-ō-kyō*, *Suvarṇaprabhāsa-sūtra*), it (tentatively) follows the intent of the non-principal schools (*yobu*) of Hīnayāna to establish the thirty-three incalculable eons. If one follows the true meaning (*jitsugī*) of Mahāyāna, there can be absolutely no such principle. Hence the lower text of that (sūtra) states: 'The different schools (*ibu*, *nikāya*) of the Lesser Vehicle have thirty-three *asaṃkhyeya*' (etc.). Accordingly, the present sūtra's teaching would (seem to be) a case of conforming to (*zuiten*) the Hīnayāna teaching."
Furthermore, at Bodaiin (*Bodhi Monastery*), something was said at a lecture: "The interpretations in the *Saishō-sho* (*Suvarṇaprabhāsa* commentary), the *Hon-sho* (original commentary), and others differ from the intent of the *Mahāyānasaṃgraha*. The intent of the *Hon-sho* and others is to take the three great *asaṃkhyeya* as the basis and, upon this, establish thirty-three *asaṃkhyeya*. However, looking at that treatise, it says three *asaṃkhyeya*, seven *asaṃkhyeya*, and thirty-three *asaṃkhyeya*, establishing (the latter figures) outside of the three great *asaṃkhyeya* and not employing (the framework of the *Saishō-sho*)" [End of citation].
**Personal view:** To elaborate in detail following this interpretation's intent: the present sūtra's meaning is that within the three *asaṃkhyeya*, the
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count is thirty-three. Hence it is called "thirty-three *asaṃkhyeya*." It is not the case that the three minds of entering, dwelling, and exiting (*nyū-jū-shutsu no sanshin*) are what is properly called "three *asaṃkhyeya*." "*Saṃkhyā*" (*sōghi*) means "innumerable" (*musū*); the three minds of entering, dwelling, and exiting are, compared to innumerable eons, few in number. How can they be called "innumerable eons" (*musū-kō*)? Nevertheless, since the three minds of entering, dwelling, and exiting are subsumed within the *asaṃkhyeya-kalpa*, following the fundamental meaning (*hon*), they are established as the *asaṃkhyeya-kalpa*. Hence (the present sūtra's teaching) differs from the *Mahāyānasaṃgraha*'s teaching. However, as for the present commentary and others relying on that teaching and interpreting accordingly: since the total count is broadly the same, and since the manner of establishing three kalpas through dwelling (*jū*) and exiting (*shutsu*) is similarly structured (*gise*), it is acceptable to draw a correspondence. It is not completely identical.
**Question:** The sūtra text states: "(The Lord of) the Sahā World (*Shakka-sekai*, *Sahā-loka-dhātu*), the Great Brahmā King" (etc.). Is (this) the king of the First Dhyāna (*shozen*, *prathamādhyāna*) or the king of the Fourth Dhyāna (*daishizen*, *caturthadhyāna*)? (Arguments for) both sides (are presented): If (he is) the king of the First Dhyāna, the Sahā world comprises one three-thousand(-great-thousand world-system), yet the First Dhyāna (king) is merely the king of a single set of four continents (*ichi-shitennage*). How can he be called "Lord of the Sahā World"? Accordingly, in the *Lotus Sūtra*, (it says) "the Brahmā King, lord of the Sahā world" (etc.); that passage already (refers to) the king of the Fourth Dhyāna. By analogy, should (the present case) not be the same? If, on the other hand, (he is) the king of the Fourth Dhyāna, the *Mahāprajñāpāramitā-sūtra* states: "The lord of the endurance realm (*kannin-kai*, *Sahā*), the Brahmā King with knotted topknot (*Jige-bonō*, *Śikhin-brahmarāja*)" (etc.). However, reading the explanation in the *Muku-kyō* (*Vimalakīrti-nirdeśa-sūtra* or possibly *Amoghapāśa-sūtra* context), in clarifying the gathering of various heavenly beings in this realm, it states: "With the Brahmā King Śikhin (*Jige-bonō*) as the head, (they came) from *Honmuu* (*Priyavardhana*?) and the realm of the four great continents (*shidaishū-kai*)" (etc.). In the commentary on that sūtra, it is judged: "The realm of the First Dhyāna (*shozen-kikai*), etc., (corresponds to) a single set of four continents; hence it is called the realm of the four great continents." Comparing the teachings of the two sūtras, the matter of whether the Lord of the Sahā World is the Brahmā King Śikhin (*Jige*) of the First Dhyāna remains unclear on various counts. How (should this be understood)?
**Personal view:** Regarding the Lord of the Sahā World and also the Great Brahmā Śikhin (*Shiki-daibon*), the sūtras do not uniformly agree: some call (him) the lord of the First Dhyāna, others describe (him as) the king of the Fourth Dhyāna. Hence, for these two names here, (they are called) sometimes the First Dhyāna and sometimes the Fourth Dhyāna.