英語訳
## Page Forty
### [Upper Section]
— there are meanings on each side, it seems. Hence the present passage is not explicit (about either), and so two interpretations are given. As for the texts in other scrolls, there are two positions. In the text of the seventh scroll, (the lord of the Sahā World) appears to be the king of the First Dhyāna. That text states: "At that time, the lord of the Sahā World, the Brahmā King, thereupon rose from his seat; at that time, the king Indra and others (etc.)." After the Lord of the Sahā World, Indra, Vaiśravaṇa, and others are listed in succession, and next (comes who) appears to be the king of the First Dhyāna. The text of the eighth scroll states: "...extending throughout the three-thousand(-great-thousand world-system), the Lord of the Sahā World (etc.)." Since (the text) already speaks of "the lord of the three-thousand (world-system)," (he) should be of the Fourth Dhyāna. In the *Lotus Sūtra* (he) appears to be the Fourth Dhyāna, and in the *Vimalakīrti-nirdeśa-sūtra* (*Yuimakyō*, *Muku-shō-kyō*) he appears to be the First Dhyāna. It is also said: "Śikhin" (*Shiki*, *尸棄*) signifies the meaning of "summit/crown (*chō*)"; the First Dhyāna (summit) is the "summit of the fire-calamity (*kasai no chō*)," while the Fourth Dhyāna is the "topknotted crown (*chōkei*)." Regarding (Śikhin), both interpretations are possible. The teachings of the various sūtras depend on their respective intents. However, (the reason) the Fourth Dhyāna (king) is the Lord of the Sahā World is that he is the lord of a single three-thousand (great-thousand world-system). (The reason) the First Dhyāna (king) is the Lord of the Sahā World is that he is the king of a single set of four continents (*shitennage*). Accordingly, the two interpretations in the present commentary are both without fault. [Marginal note: For details, see the *Hokke-shō* (Lotus Commentary).]
It is also said: Among the two interpretations in the present commentary, the interpretation of the First Dhyāna Brahmā King accords with the sūtra text. The reason is as follows. The lower text of the sūtra states: "At that time, the Great Brahmā King, together with immeasurable Brahmā followers, Indra, the Four Heavenly Kings (etc.)." "Brahmā followers (*bonshū*)" refers to the heavenly beings of the First Dhyāna. After this, Indra and the Four Heavenly Kings are listed. Therefore that Brahmā King already appears to be the king of the First Dhyāna. Hence the first interpretation is correct.
**Question:** In the commentary on the present sūtra, a passage from the Abhidharma Piṭaka (*Ronzō*, *Abhidharma-piṭaka*) is cited: "The Nirmāṇakāya (*ōjin*, Transformation-body) does not depart from the Dharmakāya (*hosshin*, Dharma-body). The Dharmakāya and the Nirmāṇakāya are neither identical nor separate (*fujoku-furi*)" (etc.). If that is so, what fault (*ka*, *demerit*) is there in saying that the Dharmakāya is absolutely (一向) inseparable from the Nirmāṇakāya?
**It is advanced:** (The fault is) that if one sentient being attains Buddhahood, all sentient beings would (simultaneously) attain Buddhahood — this fault (is said to) arise. Regarding this (a difficulty is raised):
### [Lower Section]
The matter of attaining Buddhahood and realizing the fruit (*shōka*) depends on the fulfillment of practice (*shugyō manzoku*). Even if the Dharmakāya were absolutely inseparable from the Nirmāṇakāya, why would this fault arise? Furthermore, (if) the Nirmāṇakāya is absolutely inseparable from the Dharmakāya, would there be absolutely no fault? [Marginal note: Zensin of the Four Seasons supports this.] [Marginal note: This is in the *Butsumoshō*.]
**The *Butsumoshō* states:** "A certain person says: The intent of this treatise is to clarify the principle of origin and manifestation (*honmatsu no gi*). (The treatise) provisionally states that the Dharmakāya, with respect to the Nirmāṇakāya, has (the relation of) both separation and non-separation, while the Nirmāṇakāya, with respect to the Dharmakāya, is absolutely non-separate. If one follows the true meaning (*jitsugī*), the three bodies (*sanshin*), each in relation to the others, each possess both aspects: separation and non-separation. Now (the reason) this fault arises (when the Dharmakāya is said to be absolutely inseparable from the Nirmāṇakāya) is as follows: The Dharmakāya pervades (*zairu*) all sentient beings, and its essence is also one. If one considers this principle, all sentient beings are one in essence, not distinct. If a single sentient being manifests the Dharmakāya and attains Buddhahood, since through the Dharmakāya pervading all sentient beings (that Dharmakāya) is one essence with the Nirmāṇakāya, all sentient beings should likewise simultaneously attain Buddhahood. Since the Dharmakāya is the origin (*hon*), the manifestation (*matsu*) should follow the origin — this fault arises. Even though the Nirmāṇakāya, with respect to the Dharmakāya, possesses the one aspect of non-separation: when a single sentient being attains the Buddha of the Nirmāṇakāya (*ōjin-butsu*), there is no fault that all sentient beings should attain Buddhahood. Since the Nirmāṇakāya is not of the same essence as all sentient beings, even though the Dharmakāya pervades (all), the origin (*hon*) cannot be said to follow the manifestation (*matsu*). Therefore this fault does not arise. If one follows the true meaning (*jitsugī*), since the Nirmāṇakāya is non-separate from the Dharmakāya, one should (conclude) that this fault does not arise (— this is what is meant by that statement)." [End of citation.]
**Personal view:** Upon reflection on this principle: when the Dharmakāya is considered in relation to the Nirmāṇakāya, the Dharmakāya is the "that which is able to be identified with (*nōsoku*)," and the Nirmāṇakāya is "that which is identified with (*shosoku*)." The *nōsoku* is the origin (*hon*); the *shosoku* is the manifestation (*matsu*). Therefore, following the *nōsoku* (which is the) origin, the *shosoku* (which is the) manifestation should share (a common quality) with all (sentient beings). However, (when) the Nirmāṇakāya is considered in relation to the Dharmakāya, (if they are) absolutely identified (*soku*), then when the Dharmakāya is absolutely identified with the Nirmāṇakāya, (following) the *nō-*
## Page Forty-One
### [Upper Section]
*soku*, as the *shosoku* has the quality of universality (*kyō no gi*), (likewise) when the Nirmāṇakāya is considered in relation to the Dharmakāya, following the *nōsoku* (*nōsoku*), there should be the quality of non-universality (*fukyō no gi*). The *nōsoku* is the manifestation (*matsu*); the *shosoku*, the origin (*hon*), does not follow the manifestation — this is what is said. The original intent of the parallel-analogy objection (*sōrei no nan*) should be understood in this way. If one follows the principle of absolute mutual identification (*ichijō sōsoku no gi*), then both sides (of the argument) would be analogous to each other, and both should possess the quality of universality. (However,) in the present (discussion), one is provisionally relying on a single interpretive approach (*ichigion*) in constructing this analysis.
**Question:** In the opening chapter (*shohon*, *shodai*) of the present scroll, (the text) "praises the merits of the Tathāgata using the lotus flower as a simile" (etc.). If that is so, is this lotus flower (*renge*) here the same as the *udumbara* flower (*udonge*), or is it something else? (Arguments for) both sides: If the lotus flower is indeed the *udumbara* flower, (one may note that) "udumbara" (*udon*) is a word from the Western (Indian) language, and in Eastern China it is translated as "auspicious responding flower" (*zuiō-ke*, 瑞應花). "Lotus flower" (*renge*) is a Chinese expression; in India it is called "*Puṇḍarīka*" (*Funda-rika*, 芬陀利迦). The Sanskrit and Chinese (terms) are already different, from which one knows that they are each distinct flowers. Moreover, in a certain sūtra (it is stated): "The *udumbara* flower is a tree flower" (etc.). The interpretations of the Great Master (Kuiji, Ci'en) are also the same as this.
If that is so (i.e., if they are the same flower), the present commentary contains (the phrase) "*udumbara*-lotus flower" (優曇鉢蓮花) (etc.). This interpretation appears to treat *udumbara* as the same as the lotus flower. How (should this be understood)?
**The objection in the *Butsumoshō* states:** "The *udumbara* flower first appears when a Wheel-turning King (*tenrin'ō*, *cakravartin*) appears in the world. Its leaves are of a thousand distinct (varieties); its fragrance perfumes ten-thousand *ri* (leagues). Its appearance is supremely wondrous; its form is lovely. Yet the lotus flower lacks all of these qualities. On what basis can they be called the same flower?"
**The response in the same work (*Butsumoshō*) states:** "They should be called flowers of distinct substance (*bettai no hana*). However, concerning the interpretation of Zīzhōu (Huizhao, 慧沼, 淄州): since Sanskrit (*bongo*) contains multiple meanings, the Sanskrit word *udumbara* contains (the meaning of) lotus flower. Relying on this interpretive approach (*gimmon*), (Zīzhōu) perhaps composed a single synthesizing interpretation."
**The third-level objection states:** "In a certain sūtra, (it is written): 'When the Wheel-turning King appears in the world, a lotus flower of one thousand petals first blooms and opens
### [Lower Section]
(etc.).' However, examining the presentation of doctrinal features (*kyōsō sessetsu*), no distinct auspicious flower (*zuiō-ke*) other than the *udumbara* is produced (in that context). From this one may know: the thousand-petaled lotus flower in the sūtra should be the *udumbara* flower. If that is so, the interpretation of Zīzhōu accords with the sūtra's teaching. How (should this be understood)?"
**The *Mahāvaipulya-dhāraṇī-sūtra* (*Daihōtō-darani-kyō*, 大方等陀羅尼経) (states):** "Fourth: At that time, in the Jeta Grove (*Gidarin*, 祇陀林), ○ there was a precious lotus flower (etc.)."
**Chōyū Tokugyō (*長有得業*) states:** "The text of the commentary (*sho*) differs (across) recensions (*hon*). Some (versions) only say '*udumbara* flower (*udonpatsu-ke*, 鄔曇鉢花)' without the character for 'lotus (*ren*)'; or, though some recensions have the character for 'lotus,' ○ therefore it is not a valid objection (etc.)."
**Personal view:** Both of these (i.e., the *udumbara* and the lotus flower) are the same flower. In the case of jewels, (a parallel example exists:) a superior (jewel) is called in Sanskrit "*cintāmaṇi*" (*jindamaní*, 辰陀摩尼), which in (Chinese) is called "wish-fulfilling jewel" (*nyoi-hōju*, 如意宝珠). An inferior (jewel) is called in Sanskrit "*maṇi*" (*mani*, 摩尼), which in (Chinese) is called "precious jewel" (*hōju*, 宝珠). Although the Sanskrit and Chinese (names) differ, they are both the same jewel (*gyoku*). Similarly, though they are both lotus flowers, the superior one is called the *udumbara* flower, and the inferior one is called the *Puṇḍarīka* (*Fundari*) flower — might this be the case? Also, as for lotus flowers, there may be (the two varieties of) lotus flowers growing in water and tree flowers.
**Question:** In the "Chapter on Fulfilling Wishes through Reliance on Emptiness" (*Ekū-man-gan-hon*, 依空満願品), the Buddha expounds the correct practice (*shōgyō*) of bodhisattvas before the *Devatā* (*ten-nyo*) Wish-Fulfilling Radiant Light (*Nyoi Hōkō-yō*), setting forth "the meaning of the eight negations (*hachi-fu*) such as non-arising (*fushō*)." If that is so, does the principle of *dharmatā* (*hōshō no shinri*) transcend the eight negations, or (not)? (Arguments for) both sides: If (the principle of *dharmatā*) transcends the eight negations, (one may note that) the one-and-multiple, permanence-and-annihilation, arising-and-ceasing, coming-and-going — the *Pariniṣpanna-svabhāva* (*enjō-jisshō*, 円成実性) transcends these characteristics, and (therefore) the eight-negation principle (*hachi-fu shin-ri*) is thereby established. How then can one say (it) "transcends the eight negations"? Furthermore, in the *Saṃdhinirmocana-sūtra* (*Jinmitsu-kyō*, 深密経), the *Yogācārabhūmi-śāstra* (*Yuga-ron*, 瑜伽論), and others, regarding the principle of *Tathatā* (*shinnyo no ri*, 真如理), the meaning of "non-arising" and so forth is taught. Moreover, in the *Shūyō* (枢要, *Jingzang jueyao*), the passage "reverencing only the Dharmakāya, not the other two bodies" is brought forth, (and it is said) "this is the opening homage verse of the *Prajñādīpa-śāstra* (*Hannya-tō-ron*, 般若燈論) (etc.)." Is this not a reference to the eight-negations verse (*hachi-fu no ju*)? If (the principle of *dharmatā*) does not transcend the eight negations: in the present commentary, "(the interpretation is) directed at the Dharmadhātu (*hokkai*) and separate from (the eight negations)—"