英語訳
## Page Four
### [Upper Section]
*(Continued: Whether the benefit of the Purification of the Dharma Eye is limited to the first fruit)*
Therefore, for those who proceed through the stages in order (*jidai-shō*, sequential realization), it should be limited to the first fruit (*sho-ka*, *srotāpatti*). For those who leap over stages, bypassing the second (*sakṛdāgāmin*) and third fruits (*anāgāmin*) (*chōetsu-shō*, non-sequential realization), the first fruit is not established as a separate stage. Therefore the benefit extends to the later fruits as well.
**An objection raised by a certain person:** The present argument cites the *Yogācārabhūmi-śāstra* (*Yuga ron*) as evidence. However, that treatise designates the Purification of the Dharma Eye as "the cutting off of view-delusions and practice-delusions (*kenmyaku-waku*)." If this is so, then the Purification of the Dharma Eye would entail no benefit with regard to the cutting off of practice-delusions.
**Another objection by a certain person:** In the present commentary, the Zichou Master (Jingmai/Huizhao) explains "the benefits of the supramundane fruit" (*shutsuze no ka no ri*) and "the benefits of the arising cause" (*shutsusei no in no ri*). Regarding the benefit of the Purification of the Dharma Eye, sometimes it is taken as a benefit of the cause, and sometimes as a benefit of the fruit. Now, in the Mahāyāna, the benefit of the fruit is the reception of the prophecy of Buddhahood (*juki*), while the benefit of the cause is the arousal of the aspiration for enlightenment (*bodaishin*). Therefore, the benefit of the fruit refers to the Buddha-fruit, and the benefit of the cause should broadly encompass stages prior to attaining Buddhahood. Why then is the benefit of the Purification of the Dharma Eye said to be the first fruit?
**Reconciliation:** Indeed the commentary's exposition is profound and its intent difficult to discern. To synthesize it into one account: if one speaks of the Mahāyāna benefits of cause and fruit in a general sense, the fruit-benefit refers to the Buddha-fruit and the cause-benefit broadly encompasses the causal stages. However, the present intent speaks in terms analogous to the Hīnayāna benefit of the Dharma Eye Purification. In terms of fruit, it corresponds to the first ground (*shoji*, *prathamā-bhūmi*), since one first attains the undefiled eye of wisdom (*muro-eigen*) there. In terms of cause, it begins with the undefiled cause, originating uniquely at the first ground. Thus, when understood in terms of the Dharma Eye Purification, it corresponds to the first ground. From this we understand that even the cause-benefit of the Hīnayāna Dharma Eye Purification may be designated as that of "obtaining the undefiled eye of wisdom."
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**Question:** Regarding the title of this sūtra, should there be a Sanskrit equivalent for the character *myō* (明, "brilliance/light")?
**Response (Answer):** The commentary explains: "The character *myō* (明) has no Sanskrit equivalent, being added for linguistic convenience" (*genbeni yoru*). Regarding this: in the sūtras explained by tripiṭaka masters of successive generations, the two characters *kōmyō* (光明, "light and brilliance") are invariably used, which shows that a Sanskrit equivalent does exist. Based on this, Chinese masters have
### [Lower Section]
cited both Sanskrit and Chinese equivalents, as in: "In Sanskrit *baso* (婆蘇), meaning *kōmyō* (光明, 'light and brilliance')" (from the *Kōsho*, i.e., the Commentary of Xingman), or "In Sanskrit *uttama* (鬱多摩), meaning *myō* (明, 'brilliance')" (transmitted from an ancient person, namely Paramārtha) (etc.). If there were no Sanskrit equivalent for the character *myō*, why would Chinese characters be forcibly appended? Moreover, arguing by analogy: when explaining the title of the *Myōkyō* (妙経, the Lotus Sūtra), because the Sanskrit original has no character corresponding to *byaku* (白, "white"), it is judged that one does not say "Wonderful White Lotus Dharma" (*Myōhō Byakurenge*). If there is no *myō* character in the Sanskrit original, should one not follow that precedent and explain it accordingly?
**Personal note:** Now, Zichou (Huizhao) collected the omissions of the Sanskrit original and corrected the errors of the original sūtra. As for whether or not the character *myō* has a Sanskrit equivalent, one should simply defer to Huizhao's learned judgment. Zichou was a leading disciple (*jōsoku*) of Ci'en (Kuiji/Xuanzang's successor), and was accomplished in his understanding of Sanskrit. The present commentary's explanation states: "In Sanskrit *babasa* (婆々娑), meaning *kō* (光, 'light'); in Sanskrit *uttama* (鬱多摩), meaning *saishō* (最勝, 'supreme')" (etc.). Already in the Sanskrit *babasa*, the character *myō* is absent. How can one casually append it? However, regarding the addition of the character *myō*: it is added in order to encompass the two kinds of emptiness (*nikū*), merit and wisdom (*fukuchi*), and bodhi (*bodai*). Therefore one should not use the interpretations of other masters to object to this, should one not? As for the objection from the Lotus Sūtra — that is a matter of expedience (*zuigi*). How can it be applied uniformly in all cases?
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**Question:** Based on the intent of Tripiṭaka Master Paramārtha, when dividing the present sūtra into the three sections of prologue (*jo-bun*), main teaching (*shōshū-bun*), and dissemination (*rutsū-bun*), on which translation is this based?
**Two positions:** If it is based on the new translation (i.e., Yijing's translation): following Paramārtha's intent when judging the three sections of the sūtra, "the first one chapter is the prologue, the next nineteen chapters are the main teaching, and the final two chapters are the dissemination" (etc.). According to this division, the number of chapters amounts to only twenty-two, and there are no thirty-one chapters. It is certain, then, that this is based on the old translation. If so, then consulting the commentary's explanation, it says: "The sūtra has thirty-one chapters; judging according to Paramārtha's intent, it is divided into three parts" (etc.). Already relying on the sūtra of thirty-one chapters, the present
## Page Five
### [Upper Section]
division of sections has been made. Thus it can be seen that this is based on the new translation. Furthermore, the commentary's subsequent text states: "Paramārtha says: from the Chapter on Lifespan (*Juryō-hon*) to the Chapter on Abandoning the Body (*Shasha-hon*), all of this is the main teaching" (etc.). This interpretation also appears to be based on the new translation of thirty-one chapters. Both positions are unclear. How is one to judge?
**Personal note:** The intent of the present interpretation is: when judging the three sections of the new thirty-one chapter translation, if one follows Paramārtha's translated twenty-two chapter sūtra, whereby "the first one chapter is called the prologue, the next nineteen chapters are the main teaching, and the final two chapters are the dissemination," one should, in analogy, designate the twenty-five chapters from the Chapter on Lifespan to the Chapter on Abandoning the Body as the "main teaching" in the new translation. This, then, is the intent of combining both the old and new translations in their three-part divisions. If this is not so, then the twenty-two chapter sūtra lacks the Entrustment Chapter (*Zokuruihin*). How could one then speak of "the final two chapters constituting the dissemination"?
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**Question:** Regarding the meaning of dividing the three sections according to Paramārtha's intent: what chapters are the two chapters in the dissemination section?
**Response:** The Chapter Praising the Buddha (*Tan-butsu-hon*) and the Entrustment Chapter (*Zokuruihin*).
Regarding this: consulting the commentary by Zichou and examining Paramārtha's intent, the four-fascicle sūtra of eighteen chapters translated by Tripiṭaka Master Dharmakṣema (*Donmujaku*) had four further chapters added by translation, namely: the Chapter on the Differentiation of the Three Bodies and Elimination of Karmic Hindrances (*Sanshin-betsutsu Gyōshō-metsu-hon*), the Dhāraṇī Chapter (*Darani-hon*), the Chapter on the Pure Ground (*Jōchi-hon*), and the Chapter on Fulfilling Vows through Emptiness (*Ekū-man'ganhin*). The Entrustment Chapter (*Zokuruihin*) is entirely absent. If the Entrustment Chapter were to be added, there would be twenty-three chapters. Why then is it said to be twenty-two chapters? (Following the foregoing, one should reconcile this.)
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**Question:** Was the present sūtra expounded before the Lotus Sūtra, or how should this be understood?
**Two positions:** If it was expounded before (the Lotus Sūtra): regarding the fact that the Great Being Myōdō (Wonderful Banner Bodhisattva) raises the doubt about the brevity of the Tathāgata's lifespan — this is based on the passage in the Samantabhadra Contemplation Sūtra (*Fugen-kyō*) that says
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"After three months, I will enter *parinirvāṇa*." This indicates that (the present sūtra was expounded) after the Lotus Sūtra. Moreover, in another volume of the present sūtra (the seventh fascicle), it is said: "Śāriputra, you, in the Mahāyāna, have already been able to set forth, have faith in and understand the Mahāyāna, and practice the Mahāyāna" (etc.). The phrase "already been able to set forth" —
[Note] The character *ze* (是, "this") in some versions reads *ki* (豈, "how could it be that...?")
— does this not refer to the assembly of the Lotus Sūtra? If one thus calls it a later teaching, then in another fascicle it is stated that Mahā-Kāśyapa said that the Buddha, "before the assembly of śrāvakas, declared that my wisdom is meager" (etc.). Yet the śrāvakas, at the time of the Lotus Sūtra assembly, underwent the conversion of mind toward the Mahāyāna (*kaishinhōdai*). If (the present sūtra was expounded) after the Lotus assembly, how could one refer to them and say "my wisdom is meager"?
**Personal note:** This is established in the *Sanzai* (*Cuanjue*, "Collected Decisions") below, presenting three pieces of evidence. First: because the Three Bodies are explained using the *kenryō-sō* (the form of manifest/clear teaching). Second: in this sūtra there is a passage explaining the *ālayavijñāna* (*Raiya*) — namely, what is called the "root mind" (*konpon shin*) in the Chapter on the Three Bodies. Third: the disciples listed here are more numerous than those in the Lotus Sūtra (etc.). The Lotus Sūtra lists 51,200 (people), while the present sūtra lists 98,000. The implication is that the number of śrāvakas starts small and should increase later. Therefore this is taken as evidence for the before-and-after sequence. As for the statement that (the Buddha's) "wisdom is meager" — the僧正 (Archbishop) Zenshū in his *Yūshin-ketsu* (*Discourse on Roaming in Mind*) reconciles this by saying: "Kāśyapa is humbly reducing his own status, saying 'my wisdom is meager'" (etc.). "Meager wisdom" (*shō chie*) is an expression of humility.
**Objection in the *Yūshin-ketsu*:** If it were after the Lotus assembly, how could one say "already been able to set forth and have faith in and understand the Mahāyāna"? At the time of the Lotus assembly one had already set forth — why then speak again of "having faith in and understanding the Mahāyāna"? (etc.) The intent of this objection is as follows: "faith and understanding" (*shinge*) is shallow, while "conversion of mind" (*kaishin*) is deep. If the *Saishō* (present sūtra) came after (the Lotus), then at the time of the Lotus, one would have already undergone the conversion of mind toward the Mahāyāna. How could one then, at the time of the later *Saishō*, speak of "faith and understanding"? This indicates that the present sūtra should precede the Lotus Sūtra. The *Yūshin-ketsu* reconciles this objection by saying: "Faith and understanding" and "conversion of mind" are equivalent. However, (the fact that it occurs) after the Lotus —