英語訳
## Page Six
### [Upper Section]
*(Continued: On "faith and understanding" [shinge])*
"Faith and understanding" (after the Lotus Sūtra) means that one's mind does not regress but deepens further and further. Therefore it is said as such. (This interpretation should be adopted.)
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**Question:** Regarding the matter of placing the present sūtra in the third period [of the Buddha's teaching], how does the commentator (Zichou/Huizhao) explain this?
**Response:** The commentary states: "Because there is the benefit of the Purification of the Dharma Eye" (etc.).
Regarding this: the benefit of the Purification of the Dharma Eye is the benefit of the first fruit (*srotāpatti*) of the Hīnayāna. How can the presence of that benefit establish the meaning of the third period? Moreover, the first and second periods also elucidate this benefit. How then (can it be designated as the third period)?
**Personal note:** In general, the third period is a teaching universally intended for all vehicles (*yānas*). It is a teaching of the Middle Way — neither empty nor existent — in which practitioners of all vehicles obtain benefit. That there is benefit for the Mahāyāna is beyond doubt. Since it teaches neither emptiness nor existence, benefits for the Hīnayāna also emerge from it, causing all vehicles to universally receive benefit. Because the scope of benefit obtained is broad, in order to manifest (the sūtra's character as) the third period, the benefit of the Purification of the Dharma Eye is cited to establish this meaning. It is not said to be the third period solely because this benefit is present. As for the objection by analogy with the first and second periods: the Zichou Master, in another section of his *Dēng* commentary (*Saishōōkyō shū*), judges as follows: "In the Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra, although the three vehicles are present and each obtains benefit, it is not yet clearly stated that 'dharmas are neither empty nor existent,' and therefore it is assigned to the second period." The meaning is: although in that sūtra (the Prajñāpāramitā) the three vehicles obtain benefit, the doctrinal principle expounded is not that of the third period, and is not yet clearly stated (as the Middle Way). Therefore it is still not subsumed within the third period.
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**Question:** Is the present sūtra expounded at one time and one assembly, or how should this be understood?
If it is a one-time, one-assembly teaching, then within Myōdō (Wondrous Banner) Bodhisattva's chamber, the four Buddhas expound the purport of the vast length of Śākyamuni's lifespan; and at the Pañcāla forest (*Hanchara-rin*), the principal teacher (Śākyamuni) narrates the episode of Prince Sattva. The place of teaching is already not limited to Vulture Peak. How then can one say it was spoken at one time and one assembly? If one accepts this (i.e., that it was not one time and one assembly), then the general introduction (*tsūjo*) of the present sūtra speaks only of "dwelling in Rājagṛha," and does not
### [Lower Section]
mention any other location, does it not? Based on this, the Zichou Master refutes other masters' views, stating that "the interpretation of one time, one assembly is superior" (etc.). Both positions are unclear. How should one judge?
**A certain person says:** Following the opening text of the sūtra, one should say it is a one-time, one-assembly teaching. Regarding the matter within Myōdō's chamber, the Zichou Master reconciles this by saying: "Myōdō went to Śākyamuni's presence and expounded it again, and the Tathāgata approved it" (etc.). Since it was taught on Vulture Peak (Gṛdhrakūṭa), this cannot be used as a counter-argument. Next, regarding the Pañcāla forest, there is no specific reconciliation from the patriarch school (*shūke*). However, those who reconcile it say: "That place was where (Prince Sattva) formerly practiced the abandonment of the body (*shashinshin*), so when the Chapter on the Abandonment of the Body was taught, the appearance of that place was shown — but in reality it was atop Vulture Peak."
**A further inquiry:** The exposition of the purport of the vast lifespan within Myōdō's chamber was spoken by the four Buddhas. How can one say that Myōdō expounded it again? Furthermore, regarding the showing of the appearance of the Pañcāla forest at the top of Vulture Peak — is there a passage in the sūtra text that can be seen to confirm this? Also, the Pañcāla forest passage exists in the new translation but not in the old translation. There is a discrepancy. How (is this to be reconciled)?
**Another person says:** Following the proper meaning (*shōgi*) of *Heibei* (commentary), one should say it is a two-place, two-assembly teaching — namely Vulture Peak and the Pañcāla forest. However, the commentary's statement that "the interpretation of one (time and one place) is superior" is said in dependence on the old translated sūtra, since the old translation has no Pañcāla forest assembly. If one relies on the new translation, one should speak of two places and two assemblies.
**Objection:** This interpretation is in one respect acceptable, but in another respect not so. When the commentator composed his *myōshaku* (wondrous commentary) based on the new ten-fascicle translated sūtra, would he not have established the time and assembly of the new translated sūtra? Furthermore, directly consulting the commentary's explanation, it now says: "Explaining thus: this is simply one time, one place; and furthermore, the bodhisattvas of the ten directions merely praise this land and do not go to other lands
## Page Seven
### [Upper Section]
to praise those Tathāgatas" (etc.). The old translation has (corresponding titles like) "Chapter Praising the Buddha" and "Chapter of the Bodhisattvas of the Ten Directions Praising [the Buddha]" etc., with four chapters of praise not separated (as in the new translation). This shows that the commentary's explanation was composed in dependence on the new translation. However, regarding the Pañcāla forest: in general, in order to establish an assembly location, the Buddha, in order to expound a sūtra, travels to and dwells in that place, manifests auspicious signs such as raining flowers, emitting light, and entering samādhi, properly gathers the fourfold assembly, the eight groups (*hachibu*), humans, celestials, and other beings, and establishes the time and assembly for the place of teaching. However, the Buddha's manifestation of supernatural powers (*jinzoku/ṛddhi*) in traveling to the Pañcāla forest was done in order to cause (others) to understand the matter of the ascetic practice of body-abandonment — not in order to dwell there. Therefore the Buddha withdrew his supernatural powers, and both the teacher and those taught were together on Vulture Peak. It is thus clear that (the Pañcāla forest) is not a place of dwelling.
It is also said: The commentary explains the phrase "dwelling in Gṛdhrakūṭa (Vulture Peak) in Rājagṛha" as follows: "'Dwelling' means the significance of residing and traveling to teach" (etc.). The meaning is that (the Buddha) resides on Vulture Peak, always dwelling here to expound the Wonderful Dharma. Rājagṛha is a place for traveling and teaching (*yuke*), not a place of permanent residence. Therefore it is not taken (as an assembly location). According to the mind of one's own school (the Yogācāra/Hossō school), Gṛdhrakūṭa (Vulture Peak), the Pure Land, and Empty Space are called the three places. Rājagṛha is not added to make four places. Reasoning in analogy with this: although the Buddha manifested supernatural powers and went to the Pañcāla forest, it is not a place of residence. Therefore it is not taken as such, and is not called a time-and-assembly location.
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**Question:** When Śākyamuni expounded the present sūtra, should he have manifested auspicious signs (*zuisō*) such as raining flowers, emitting light, and so forth?
**Two positions:** If (one says) he did not manifest them: the emitting of light to summon those with karmic affinity, and the manifesting of earthquake tremors to awaken those whose faculties are mature — are these not analogous to the auspicious signs that were present when the Lotus Sūtra was taught? If, relying on this, (one says) they were manifested: upon consulting the sūtra text and searching in the present sūtra, the sūtra text does not produce these auspicious signs. If they existed in the Sanskrit original, why were they not cited?
### [Lower Section]
(From this) it is known that (they) do not exist. How (should one understand this)?
**The *Kōsho* (興疏, Commentary by Xingman), fascicle one, states:** Following the example of other sūtras, there should be auspicious signs to awaken those with karmic affinity. That there are none now is probably because they are hidden in the abbreviation (of the text). If not, (one may say that) a great sage's benefiting of living beings should take many forms. How can one uniformly hold (all sūtras) to the same standard of accountability? (etc.)
[Marginal note: *Shiki no Seiben* (Four Seasons, Bright Discernment) composed this.]
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**Question:** The sūtra text lists among the assembly of those who heard it together: "forty-nine thousand garuḍa kings, Fragrant Elephant Power King (*Kōzō Seiriki-ō*)" (etc.). In that case, is the Fragrant Elephant Power King identical with a garuḍa king?
**Response:** The commentary treats them as separate (etc.).
Regarding this: "forty-nine thousand garuḍa kings" is the general designation (*sōhyō*) of the name, while "Fragrant Elephant Power King" is cited individually as the leading representative (*jōshu*), singling out one from among them. Arguing by analogy: the text says "twenty-eight thousand dragon kings, Lotus Dragon King" and states "forty-two thousand celestial beings, Delightful to Behold Celestial Being (*Kiken-tennshi*)," and in each case these are within the general designation — the Delightful to Behold Celestial Being and the Lotus Dragon King are (already included) among them. How could these be a separate category outside the general designation? The commentator's interpretation must surely have a deep intended meaning. How (should one understand this)?
**Personal note:** The commentator has already offered two interpretations. One interpretation accords with the question and objection (above). If that interpretation follows the sūtra text, it should be taken as the authentic meaning, and the question and objection would be largely without purpose. However, to construct one coherent account of the commentary's intent: outside the garuḍa host and the dragon king host — which are types that fly through the air — there should certainly be types that travel on the ground (*jigyō no rui*) such as the Fragrant Elephant Power King and others. Therefore (the commentary) explains them as a separate category. However, regarding the use of other sūtra passages as analogous objections: the text says "forty-two thousand hosts of celestials" and cites "thirty-six thousand hosts of yakṣas"; below these, all are of the same type with no different types (*irui*). But in the text of the present passage further below, the Fragrant Elephant Power King, the Gandharvas, the Asuras, and others constitute many different types. Therefore it states "(the Fragrant Elephant Power King) serves as the foremost (of those different types)." Why must they necessarily be of the same type? The commentator has obtained (a solution)...