英語訳
## Page Eight
### [Upper Section]
*(Continued)*
— that the commentary master grasped this meaning, interpreting that the elephant and bird categories are distinct (*betsuirui*). In particular, it is stated (in the sūtra): "Further, there are thirty-six thousand Yakṣa (*Yasha*) assemblies, with Vaiśravaṇa (*Bishamon*) as their leader (*jōshu*)." The Yakṣas are a type of demon-spirit (*kishin*), while Vaiśravaṇa (Kubera) is a king of the desire-realm heavens. Although they are already of distinct categories, Vaiśravaṇa (the Heavenly King of Abundant Hearing, *Tamon Ten*) is made the leader of the Yakṣas. Similarly, although the bird (Garuḍa) and the elephant (Fragrant Elephant Power King) are different, what fault could there be in making the Fragrant Elephant Power King the king of the Garuḍa assembly? Since such an example already exists elsewhere, why must all cases necessarily be of the same type?
〔Note〕 In the lower fascicle of the *Isshun-shō* (*Yuishun-shō*), there are two interpretations — one should consult and examine them.
**Inquiry:** In the upper portion of the commentary, where it lists the eighteen categories of co-hearers (*dōmon-shū*), only one interpretation — that of "different categories of birds and creatures" — is given. It is the custom in the interpretive tradition of our school's founding masters (*shūke*) that when two interpretations are offered, only one interpretation is presented in a given location, (the one presented being) the true and intended meaning (*jitsugi*). If that is the case, then the "interpretation of distinct categories" (*betsuirui-shaku*) should be the correct interpretation. If so, then the objection based on analogies from other sūtra passages would be all the more difficult to resolve, would it not?
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**Question:** In the sūtra, when the four Buddhas came to the chamber of Myōdō (Bodhisattva Supratiṣṭhita) and expounded the principle of Śākyamuni's great longevity, they transformed the chamber into a Pure Land (etc.). In that case, was the transformation of the chamber into a Pure Land accomplished through the supernatural power (*jinriki*) of Śākyamuni, or through the supernatural transformation (*shinpen*) of the four Buddhas?
**Response (Answer):** The commentary offers two interpretations, holding that (the reading that) the four Buddhas transformed it to be superior (etc.).
Regarding this: when a guest Buddha (*kyakubutsu*) comes to visit, it is all the more fitting that the host Buddha (*shubutsu*) should bring about the transformation. "Through the awesome power of the Buddha, that chamber instantly became vast, magnificent, and purified" (etc.) — this is unambiguous in the sūtra text, is it not? (May it not be seen as) the supernatural power of Śākyamuni?
**Personal note:** The manifestation of supernatural transformations (*shinpen*) by Buddhas and bodhisattvas is not fixed but varies according to the time and the spiritual capacity (*ki*) of the audience. Just as when the Jeweled Stūpa emerged and appeared,
### [Lower Section]
Śākyamuni manifested supernatural transformations, and when (the bodhisattva) Wonderful Sound (*Myōon Bosatsu*) arrived, it was that bodhisattva who applied supernatural power. It is for this reason that (the commentary master) composed interpretations from both sides. However, with regard to the present sūtra text, the supernatural transformation of the guest Buddhas is clearly apparent. Examining the sūtra text directly: "These four Tathāgatas, each seated upon their own thrones, sat in the full lotus posture and emitted great light, illuminating everywhere all around" (etc.). Having already emitted light and manifested auspicious signs — this is the supernatural transformation of the guest Buddhas. The purification and adornment of the Buddha-lands, and the four jeweled lotus-thrones, should similarly all be the transformation and manifestation of the four Buddhas. It is for this reason that the Zichou Master judged the latter interpretation (that the four Buddhas transformed the land) to be superior. If miraculous auspicious signs have no fixed (pattern), how can other sūtras be used to make them equivalent?
**Further inquiry:** Using the teaching of the *Lotus Sūtra* (*Myōkyō*) to establish this point is not appropriate. At the time of the Jeweled Stūpa Chapter (*Hōtō-hon*), this world transformed into a Pure Land. In what was taught there, if the smaller (vehicle, i.e., Hīnayāna practitioners) were to gain the benefit (of the greater vehicle), how could those of fixed nature (*jōshō*, i.e., icchantika and the determined two-vehicle types) haphazardly obtain benefit in the Pure Land? Furthermore, the commentary master's use of the text of the "Relying-on-Emptiness and Fulfilling-Vows Chapter" (*Ekū Manganbon*) as evidence is not clear. That text speaks only briefly of "awakening the aspiration for enlightenment and practicing the study of the wisdom of non-arising" (*mushō hōnin*); it does not (describe) properly obtaining benefit. However, the text of the "Pure Land Chapter" (*Jōchi-hon*) states: "Thirty billion bodhisattvas obtained the wisdom of non-arising, and innumerable and boundless monks (*bikusō*) obtained the Purification of the Dharma Eye." This is properly obtaining benefit. Why not cite that (text) and use it as evidence instead?
**Resolution:** In general, according to the intent of our own school (the Dharmalakṣaṇa school), the "Entrustment Chapter" (*Shokurui-hon*) is located at the end of the teaching. At the time of that chapter, the emanation bodies (*funshin-butsu*) of the Buddha return to their original lands; consequently this world reverts to a defiled land (*edo*). During all the chapters preceding that point, this world is still a Pure Land. Therefore, the benefit of "Purification of the Dharma Eye" that is obtained is that which Hīnayāna practitioners obtain in the Pure Land. As for the "transformation land" (*henge-do*): [text damaged] ... when the transformation lasts a long time, even Hīnayāna practitioners can obtain it in the temporarily-transformed Pure Land. What fault is there in this? As for the use of the "Relying-on-Emptiness and Fulfilling-Vows Chapter" text as evidence — looking at the sūtra from beginning to end,
## Page Nine
### [Upper Section]
*(Continued: on the benefit of Purification of the Dharma Eye)*
When establishing "the benefit of the Dharma Eye" (throughout the sūtra), it has already been shown, in the "Superlatively Pure Ground Dhāraṇī Chapter" (*Saijōchi Darani-hon*) above, outside of the Mahāyāna benefits, that this is — without dispute — the Hīnayāna benefit. Therefore it necessarily follows that the text of the "Fulfilling Vows Chapter" (*Manganbon*) below is also, without doubt, (to be understood as) the Hīnayāna benefit. There is thus no fault whatsoever in using that (text) as evidence.
**Yet another further inquiry:** The seeing of the Pure Land's appearance depends upon the cause of awakening the aspiration for bodhi (*bodaishin*). Even if the land is temporarily transformed into a Pure Land, how would those who have not awakened that aspiration see it? If (one has) not undergone conversion of mind (*eshin*), one cannot behold the Pure Land — this is surely (a valid concern)…
〔Note〕 It is uncertain (*fushin*) whether there should be more text following this.
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**Question:** (The sūtra text:) "The thirty-six thousand Yakṣa assemblies, with Vaiśravaṇa (*Bishamon Ten*) as their leader" (etc.) — what does this reveal?
〔Marginal notation / ruby text〕 Jōkei of the four seasons has already composed this to address it.
**Response:** In the Yakṣa assemblies, Vaiśravaṇa is made the leader (etc.).
Regarding this: Vaiśravaṇa (Tamon Ten, the Heavenly King of Abundant Hearing) is a king of the desire-realm heavens, and represents a superior fruition of the good destiny (*zenshu*). The Yakṣas are a type of demon-spirit, the result of evil karma. The good and the evil, the superior and the inferior, are vastly different. How then does Vaiśravaṇa become the lord of the demon-spirits? The Joyful-Vision Heavenly Being (*Kiken Tenshi*) and the Lotus Dragon King (*Renge Ryū-ō*) — in these cases, the "meaning of kingship" is discussed within the same realm (same category of beings). Can this example (of the same-category kingship) hold here? Moreover, in certain sūtras, among the Four Heavenly Kings, Dhṛtarāṣṭra (*Jikoku Ten*, the Guardian of the East) is named as leader (etc.). In that case, even granting that the "meaning of lord/master" is discussed in reference to the Four Heavenly Kings, Vaiśravaṇa should not (serve as) the leader (of the Yakṣas). How is this to be understood?
**Personal note:** Even if one says "the various Yakṣa assemblies" with "(Vaiśravaṇa) as their leader," why must they necessarily be of the same type? It is like the example of the forty-nine thousand Garuḍa kings with the Fragrant Elephant Power King as leader — the bird and the elephant being entirely distinct
### [Lower Section]
[different] categories (perhaps a character "non-" is missing: *hibetsuirui*, "non-distinct categories"?). Therefore, in the intent of the present sūtra, even though Vaiśravaṇa is foremost among the desire-realm heavens, he governs the Yakṣas as retinue and dependents (*kenzoku*), and to say "(Vaiśravaṇa) is their leader" — what fault is there in this? The Goddess of Good Fortune (*Kichijō Tennyo*, Lakṣmī), though subsumed within the heavenly realm (*tenju*), serves as the lord of tree-spirits (*jishin*). Tree-spirits belong to the demon-spirit realm. Since she (Lakṣmī) already (serves as lord) of a different category, should this (case of Vaiśravaṇa) not similarly be permissible? As for the matter of Dhṛtarāṣṭra being made the leader — the methods (*ke-ki*) by which the Great Sage (the Buddha) transforms and guides sentient beings vary according to what is appropriate. The relationship of principal and retinue (*shuban*) — how could it always follow a single standard?
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**Question:** (The) Lifespan Chapter (*Juryō-hon*). "(The sūtra states:) 'I constantly abide on Vulture Peak, proclaiming this precious sūtra'" (etc.). Among the three bodies (*sanshin*), which body is being referred to?
**Response (Answer):** The commentary states: "the two bodies of Dharma and Reward (*hō-hō nishin*)" (etc.).
Regarding this: although the three bodies are neither one nor different, the things that their reality (*ji*) and principle (*ri*), essence (*tai*) and form (*sō*), take shape as are different. The Dharma Body (*hosshin*) is the formless true principle (*shinri*), with no form or color. The Reward Body (*hōshin*) is a physical body (*shikishin*) that pervades everywhere, but does not preach the sūtra teachings. Therefore one understands that it is not the two bodies of Dharma and Reward. Based on this, a Korean (Silla) master said "it is not the two bodies of Dharma and Reward" (etc.). How is this to be understood?
**Personal note:** The present text fully describes the characteristics of the three bodies. "I constantly abide on Vulture Peak, proclaiming this precious sūtra" — this expounds the two bodies of Dharma and Reward; "(In order to) bring sentient beings to completion, the manifestation of final nirvāṇa (*parinirvāṇa*)" — this speaks of the Transformation Body (*keshinshin*). If this text does not expound the two bodies, there would be the fault of the three bodies not being complete. Having already said "I constantly abide on Vulture Peak," this clearly states the two bodies of Dharma and Reward (as can be seen). Just as the Lotus Sūtra says "I constantly abide in this Sahā world" and states "constantly dwelling on Vulture Peak" — this is what is called the Reward Body. However, as for the objection: the commentary states "(the text) uses the Reward Body to manifest the Dharma Body." The meaning is that since the Dharma Body is the fundamental root (*konpon*) of the Reward Body, the preaching of the Dharma by the Reward Body for the benefit of others (*tajuyū*) fundamentally arises from this (Dharma Body). Especially in the text "proclaiming this precious sūtra," the Dharma Body can be concurrently manifested. In the *Xuanzan* (*Gensan*), the commentary on "I constantly abide (on Vulture Peak)" states…