英語訳
## Page Twelve
### [Upper Section] Table of Contents: *Saisho Mondō Shō*, Volume Two
**Volume Two**
Question: The sūtra states: "Manifesting various kinds of bodies — this is called the Transformation Body (*keshin*)" (etc.). Does this include the Buddha-body? (Two positions.)
Question: Can the Application Body (*ōshin*) be identified with the body seen equally by the three vehicles?
Question: By taking the body of the bodhisattva of the *funshin* (portion-birth body) at the seventh ground and below, which transforms others, as the Other-Enjoyment Body (*tajuyūshin*), does this (figure) fall only under the category of "Application Body but not Transformation Body"?
Question: Between the Buddha preceding and the Buddha following, does the Other-Enjoyment Body pass through kalpas?
Question: Is the Application Body in the present sūtra limited only to what is seen by those at the four wholesome roots (*shi zenkon*)?
Question: Can the Other-Enjoyment Body manifest as a youth (*dōji*) rather than a Buddha-body?
Question: The Buddha who transforms (others) at the stage of the four wholesome roots — which of the Other-Enjoyment Body or the Transformation Body does it belong to?
Question: Does the "non-empty Tathāgata-garbha" (*fukū nyorai-zō*) of the *Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra* extend to both defiled (*āsrava*) and undefiled (*anāsrava*) seeds?
Question: The obstruction to benefiting sentient beings (*ri ujō shō*) — at what ground is it eliminated? (Also, from another direction.)
Question: The present sūtra states: "The Dharma Body is what is revealed by the twofold emptiness of self and dharmas" (etc.). How does the commentator interpret the distinction therein?
Question: The sūtra text reads: "There is only such-ness and the wisdom of such-ness" (etc.). How does (the commentator) interpret this in relation to the two benefits (benefiting oneself and benefiting others)?
Question: Can it be said that the characteristic of the Brahmic voice (*bon'onsei-sō*) surpasses the crown-of-the-head characteristic that cannot be seen (*muken-chōsō*)?
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### [Lower Section] *Saisho Mondō Shō*, Volume Two
**Volume Two**
**Question:** In the "Chapter on Distinguishing the Three Bodies" (*Funbetsu Sanshin-bon*), (the sūtra states): "Manifesting various kinds of bodies — this is called the Transformation Body" (etc.). In that case, should the Buddha-body be included among the "various kinds of bodies"?
**Response:** The commentary ([marginal note:] *fascicle three*) states: "(The Transformation Body) does not include the Buddha-body" (etc.).
Regarding this: Since (the sūtra) already says "various kinds of bodies," how can it not include the Buddha-body? Examining the sūtra text to clarify the characteristics of the Transformation Body: "Through such cultivation and practice, reaching the fulfillment of practice, by the power of practice, one attains great sovereign mastery" (etc.) — it would certainly seem appropriate to include the fully perfected sovereign Buddha-body. Moreover, the commentary, in interpreting the passage on "manifesting various kinds of bodies," judges it to be "namely, the eight-phase (body) and the like." Having already said "the eight-phase body," how could it not be the form of a Buddha? On account of this, masters of the continent (*Shintan*, China) and this realm (*Nichīki*, Japan) have variously glossed the sūtra text or explained the intent of the commentary, interpreting it as "including the Buddha-body of sixteen feet (*jōroku*) and so forth." How (should this be understood)? ([Colophon note:] This question was posed by the Shiki no En [a certain master].)
**Question (from another direction):** Can the Transformation Body (*keshin*) taught in the present sūtra be understood to include the Buddha-body? (Two positions.) If it does include (the Buddha-body), then in another passage where the Grand Master (*Daishi*, presumably Kūkai) expounds the meaning of this sūtra, he names "the Buddha-body seen equally by the three vehicles" as the Application Body (*ōshin*), and "the body of the five destinies (*goshū*)" as the Transformation Body — (a) commentarial explanation that clearly excludes the Buddha-form. Yet if, following this, one says the (Transformation Body) does not include the Buddha-body, then in the present commentary, where it interprets the passage on "manifesting various kinds of bodies" as "namely, the eight phases and so on" — having already said "eight phases," how could the Buddha-body be absent? Furthermore, since the Application Body encompasses "those at the ten grounds and at the four wholesome roots who transform (others)," it is understood that the Buddha-body outside of this falls under the Transformation Body. How (should this be understood)?
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## Page Thirteen
### [Upper Section]
**Personal view:** The way in which the three bodies are established (*hairitsu*) in the present sūtra differs from the common explanation. The reason is as follows. In the above passage, "manifesting various kinds of bodies — this is called the Transformation Body," whether or not the Buddha-body is included is not entirely clear. However, in the next section where the Application Body is presented, (the sūtra) first raises "the body endowed with the thirty-two major marks and eighty minor characteristics." If the Transformation Body carried the meaning of "including the Buddha-body," how would (the text) fail to mention the thirty-two marks and so on (in the context of the Transformation Body)? Furthermore, when the text proceeds to "distinguish the four phrases (*shiku*)," it clarifies the phrase "Transformation Body but not Application Body," stating: "After the Tathāgatas have entered *parinirvāṇa*, through the sovereign power of their vows, (they) benefit (beings) in accordance with conditions — this is called the Transformation Body" (etc.). Already saying "after *parinirvāṇa*," (the text) excludes the in-world Buddha-body, and speaks of Buddha images and relics (*busshari*), or bodies of different types (*irui no mi*). That there is no Buddha-body in the sūtra text, before and after, is quite clear, is it not? On this account, the present commentary, together with the "Three Bodies Chapter" ([marginal note:] *Xuanzan* fascicle nine agrees), in expounding the intent of the sūtra text, interprets it as: "Excluding the Buddha-body, (the Transformation Body) is said to consist of the bodies of the five destinies." Following the sūtra text and the commentarial interpretation, one should say "(the sūtra) does not explain the Buddha-body (under the Transformation Body)."
Next, the phrase "Application Body but not Transformation Body" takes "the Buddha-body manifested in response to the capacity (of beings) by those at the four wholesome roots who transform (others), and the ability-to-transform of bodhisattvas above the grounds" — and not other types — hence this designation. Next, "Transformation Body that is also Application Body" refers to: (the Buddha) who creates the form of a human or heavenly being for the sake of the two vehicles and common beings (*ijō*), and who later, beneath the bodhi tree, achieves enlightenment — the body born in the royal palace. This (body) creates a human or heavenly form and then transforms it into a Buddha-body. Since it responds to the capacity (of beings) by creating a Buddha-body, and also because (a being) suddenly transforms from a human into a Buddha-body, it has both the quality of "application" (*ō*) and "transformation" (*ke*). Hence it falls under the phrase "Transformation Body that is also Application Body." In the meaning of this sūtra, the "Application Body" is designated as the "Buddha-body." Therefore, in the phrase "Transformation Body but not Application Body," it is exclusively excluded. However, regarding the claim that "the eight-phase Transformation Body also belongs to this phrase (Transformation Body that is also Application Body)" according to the commentary's interpretation — the intent of the present sūtra, while excluding the Buddha-body, (nevertheless,) when one follows the standard explanation and upholds the true principle, the eight-phase
### [Lower Section]
body of achieving enlightenment can also be said to apply to the present phrase (Transformation Body that is also Application Body). This is not to say that the sūtra text explicitly states this. One need not force a contradiction, (but rather) the intent is to state: "Based on the truth as actually realized, the eight-phase Transformation Body of achieving enlightenment — arising after *parinirvāṇa*, the arising of enlightenment — also falls under this phrase." This is the meaning. ([Inserted note:] There is also a separate meaning below.)
Furthermore: The phrase "Application Body but not Transformation Body" takes "the transforming Buddha-body of those at the four wholesome roots who transform (others), and those at the grounds above (who transform) with portion-birth bodies." It is thereby understood that the phrase "both Application Body and Transformation Body (*eki ō eke-shin*)" takes "the Buddha-body seen equally by the three vehicles." The "Three Bodies Chapter" states: "Transforming the former form is called *change* (*hen*); what was absent suddenly becoming present is called *transformation* (*ke*). (The Buddha) manifests a Buddha-body responding to the capacity for transformation — hence it is called the Application Body" (etc.). (Summary of meaning.)
Also, one should reflect upon the intent of the present commentary's interpretation using these two meanings.
**Further inquiry:** There is no doubt that the commentary passage "the arising of enlightenment — the eight-phase Transformation Body — also falls under this phrase" takes the Buddha-body. Following the commentary's interpretation of the "manifesting various kinds of bodies" passage as "namely, the eight phases and the like," in the context before and after the interpretation, (the commentary) appears to take the Buddha-body. Next, in the "Three Bodies Chapter," (the text) resolves the matter of why the present sūtra does not explain the "in-world Buddha-body," stating: "In (the phrase) 'Transformation Body but not Application Body,' (the text) only speaks of the Tathāgata who has already entered *parinirvāṇa* and what is manifested through the power of vows — it does not speak of the Transformation Body manifested while the Buddha (was still) present in the world. The reason (the sūtra) does not explain (the in-world manifestation) is: when the principal (Buddha) is present and brings about transformation, it is easy (to understand), so it is not made explicit; when the principal is absent and transformation arises, it is difficult (to understand), so it is explained" (etc.). The import is: the reason the sūtra does not discuss the in-world Transformation Body is that the post-nirvāṇa arising of transformation is difficult (to understand), hence it is raised (in the sūtra); the arising of transformation while (the Buddha was still) in the world is easy (to understand), hence it is not made explicit. It is thereby known that in reality, the intent of the sūtra does permit the inclusion of the Buddha-body under the Transformation Body. How then can one say that the present sūtra's intent differs from other teachings, and ultimately declare that it does not permit this? Next: are the Application Body and the Other-Enjoyment Body the same or different?
**Resolution:** The commentary-resolution of "the eight-phase Transformation Body also falls under this phrase" is as explained above. As for the interpretation "namely, the eight phases and the like," —