英語訳
## Page Sixteen
### [Upper Section]
(Simultaneously seeing what the first-ground bodhisattva saw,) the characteristics (*sō*) of the former inferior body become hidden, and the characteristics of the latter superior body become manifest — this is called "(the former body) entering nirvāṇa and (the latter body) attaining enlightenment." This is unlike a Transformation Buddha (*ketsuge*), where the former Buddha long since entered nirvāṇa and a separate Buddha attains Buddhahood. Therefore it is said: "(The Other-Enjoyment Body) does not pass through kalpas and manifest (anew) in the same way as a Transformation Buddha." If, however, one discusses the matter in terms of location and with respect to distinct Buddhas, then between a preceding Buddha and a succeeding Buddha, many kalpas pass — as with Amitābha, Avalokiteśvara, and so forth. ([Colophon note:] *Yūshin Ketsu* contains a relevant discussion; one should consult it.)
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**Question:** Is the body described in the present sūtra solely "the body seen by those at the four wholesome roots (*shi-zenkon*)," or can it also take in "the Other-Enjoyment Body (*tajuyūshin*) of those at the grounds above"?
**Response:** The commentary and the chapter both take in the Other-Enjoyment Body (as can be seen).
Regarding this: looking directly at the present text of the sūtra, it says "endowed with thirty-two major marks and eighty minor characteristics," and thereby describes this as "a body of the pre-ground stage." The phrase "endowed with thirty-two major marks" excludes (*kirai*) the eighty-four thousand bodily characteristics of those at the grounds above. This is a teaching about the pre-ground body, limited to "those at the four wholesome roots who transform (others)." Based on this, in the *Yilin Zhang* (*義林章*, "Three Bodies Chapter"), interpreting the present sūtra text, (it is said): "Those who transform others at the four wholesome roots are the lords of a single great trichiliocosm" (etc.). Furthermore, in the *Xuanzan* (*玄賛*, fascicle nine), when the four phrases (of the present sūtra) are assigned to the three bodies, (it is stated): "The first three phrases correspond to the Transformation Body; the last one phrase corresponds to the Dharma and Reward Bodies" (etc.). If the Other-Enjoyment Body were included among the first three phrases, why would (the commentary) assign it exclusively to the Transformation Body? The interpretation is not clear. How (should this be understood)?
**Personal view:** That the sūtra text explains the Other-Enjoyment Body is something that should not be doubted at all. Hence the statement "Explaining the second body — since the disciples are of one mind (*ichii*), (the Buddha) manifests a single characteristic (*issō*)" (etc.). "One mind" means: (the disciples) have attained and realized the principle of the single-flavor equality (*ichimi-byōdō no ri*). "Single characteristic" refers to the single characteristic of the Other-Enjoyment Buddha-body. (This is the intent of the commentary.) Therefore, that (the sūtra) explains (the Other-Enjoyment Body) is beyond dispute in the sūtra text. However, as for the phrase "endowed with thirty-two major marks," the commentary interprets this by saying: "The Other-Enjoyment (Body) has two kinds. First, the body seen by those at the four wholesome roots. Second, the body seen by bodhisattvas at the grounds above. Here,
### [Lower Section]
only the body seen by those in the position of the four wholesome roots is explained" (etc.). Next, regarding what is not explained in the sūtra text, the *Yilin Zhang* states: "The Other-Enjoyment Body is also subsumed within this phrase — (the sūtra) raises the first to make manifest the latter, and omits (the rest) without discussion. Otherwise, under which phrase would that body be subsumed?" (etc.) The import is: the sūtra text simply raises the first to make manifest the latter — otherwise, under which (category of the four-phrase distinction) would those who transform others at the ten grounds be subsumed? Next, regarding the interpretation of the *Xuanzan*: the transformative function of those at the ten grounds varies greatly and minimally, superiorly and inferiorly, in accordance with the capacity (of those being transformed), because (such transformers) accord with the various ground-stages. This is called "the other body." In reality, within that Transformation Body there should be the Other-Enjoyment (Body). Since the Self-Enjoyment Body (*jijuyūshin*) is one and pure, it is paired with the Dharma Body, and thus belongs to the last one phrase. The phrase in the "Three Bodies Chapter" — "changing and transforming according to the occasion, without fixed determination" — is precisely an interpretation of the transformative function of those at the ten grounds, and may serve as evidence for establishing this meaning.
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**Question:** Can the Other-Enjoyment Body manifest forms other than the Buddha-form, such as that of a youth (*dōji*)?
If it can, then the Other-Enjoyment Body is manifested exclusively for bodhisattvas at the grounds above. Why would it manifest bodies of different types (*irui no mi*)? On this account, the Treatise (*Cheng weishi lun*, *成唯識論*) clarifies "the mutual inclusion (*sōshō*) of the Three Bodies and the five dharmas," stating: "What the Equality Wisdom (*byōdō-chi*) category manifests as Buddha-body is subsumed under the Other-Enjoyment Body; what the All-Accomplishing Wisdom (*jōji-chi*, *kanjō-chi*) category manifests — the various bodily characteristics following the different types — is subsumed under the Transformation Body (*henshin*)" (etc.).
**Answer:** If the Other-Enjoyment Body were to manifest the form of a youth, how would that differ from a Transformation Body that takes on different types of bodies? Based on this, in the *Suvarṇaprabhāsa-sūtra* (*最勝王経*): "The second Buddha-body — since the disciples are of one mind, (the Buddha) manifests a single characteristic. Therefore one (body) is explained" (etc.). The same commentary says: "It manifests only the Buddha-characteristic; there is no distinction among the six destinies (*rokushu*)" (etc.). However, if that is the case, then the *Mahāyānasaṃgraha* (*摂大乗論*) states that (the Other-Enjoyment Body) "manifests the appearance of a youthful child" (etc.). Furthermore, in the *Buddhabhūmi-sūtra* (*仏地論*): "The Other-Enjoyment Body manifests various forms and explains various teachings" (etc.). If (the Other-Enjoyment Body) manifests only a single characteristic, how can one say
## Page Seventeen
### [Upper Section]
"various bodies"? How (should this be understood)?
**Personal view:** The bodhisattvas who are the recipients of transformation (*shoke*) by the Other-Enjoyment Body have realized the principle of equality (*byōdō no ri*), and therefore are called "of one mind." Because the disciples are of one mind, the transforming (*nōke*) body is solely the Buddha-body. For those (at the level of) a single ground, there is absolutely no difference of great and small, superior and inferior. Therefore it is said that (the Buddha) "manifests a single characteristic." The judgment in the *Saisho Sho* (*最勝疏*) — "(manifesting) a single characteristic means manifesting only the Buddha-characteristic, with no distinction among the six destinies" — is precisely this meaning. However, regarding the matter of "manifesting the eight celestial groups (*tenryū hachi-bu*) and so forth" in the "eighteen perfect pure lands (*jūhachi enman jōdo*)": fundamentally, the Other-Enjoyment Body is the "body upon the dais (*daijō-shin*)" that directly faces the bodhisattvas of the ten grounds and causes others to receive the joy of the Great Vehicle Dharma. Therefore that body is exclusively limited to the Buddha-body. In order to adorn the pure land, this Other-Enjoyment Body manifests exclusively the eight celestial groups and so forth. Though those celestial dragons and so forth are manifested by the Other-Enjoyment Body, they are subsumed under the Transformation Body — they are not called the "Other-Enjoyment Body." Hence, the properly and continuously abiding body (*shōkō-sōzoku-shin*) is the Buddha-body, manifested by the Equality Wisdom. That body also additionally manifests forms other than the Buddha-form. The *Sanjin-shō Shūki* (*三身章周記*) appears to hold deeply to this understanding.
**Further inquiry:** The statement that "manifesting the bodies of the celestial groups is the Transformation Body" is in accord with the passage "the various bodily characteristics manifested in accordance with different types are subsumed under the Transformation Body." However, the statement that "(the Buddha) manifests these for the bodhisattvas of the ten grounds" contradicts the passage (which says the Transformation Body is manifested) "for the bodhisattva assemblies who have not yet ascended to the grounds, the two vehicles, and common beings (*ijō*)." How (should this be understood)?
**Reconciliation:** Bodhisattvas of the ten grounds additionally take the Transformation Land (*henshe-do*) as an object (of awareness), because those at higher stages know those below. Therefore, additionally taking the Transformation Body also as an object and manifesting it for bodhisattvas of the ten grounds — what fault is there in this?
There is also a separate meaning, as in the scroll.
### [Lower Section]
**Question:** The transforming Buddha (*nōke butsu*) at the stage of the four wholesome roots — under which (body), the Other-Enjoyment Body or the Transformation Body, does it fall?
If it is subsumed under the Transformation Body, then the Venerable Zizhou (*淄洲大師*), in another passage, has judged "the transforming Buddha at the four wholesome roots" as "the Other-Enjoyment Body." From this one knows that (the four wholesome roots' transforming Buddha) is not the Transformation Body. If it follows from this that it is so, (then a problem arises:) "The Other-Enjoyment Body, in dependence upon the Equality Wisdom (*byōdō-shōchi*), manifests a wondrous-and-subtle form-body (*myōmyō shikishin*), equipped with eighty-four thousand major and minor marks, and resides in the pure land." Yet those at the stage of the four wholesome roots still retain the karmic causes of defilement and impurity (*zaee no gōin*), and the causal conditions for pure and undefiled (realization) are not yet ripe. The transforming Buddha-body accordingly resides in the defiled land (*edo*). Its major marks are only thirty-two, and its minor characteristics are a mere eighty kinds. Based on this, in sūtras such as the *Buddhabhūmi-sūtra*, the *Saṃdhinirmocana-sūtra* and others, and in treatises such as the *Yogācārabhūmi*, the *Weishi* (Vijñaptimātratāsiddhi), and others, those who transform others at the pre-ground stage are all (identified as) the Transformation Body. It is established that only upon first ascending to the grounds above does one see the Other-Enjoyment Body. If that is the case, then neither side is clearly established. How (should this be understood)?
**Personal view:** The Buddha seen by those at the four wholesome roots is not "the body seen equally by the three vehicles." Based on this, in the *Suvarṇaprabhāsa-sūtra*: "What is the Application Body but not the Transformation Body? ([Marginal note:] this is) the pre-ground body" (etc.). One clearly understands that the transforming power of the four wholesome roots is the Other-Enjoyment Body. However, the Other-Enjoyment Body has two kinds. First, the body seen by those at the four wholesome roots. Second, the body manifested for those at the grounds above. "Equipped with eighty-four thousand major and minor marks" refers to the Other-Enjoyment Body that transforms others at the grounds above. The transforming Buddha at the four wholesome roots is only equipped with thirty-two major marks and eighty minor characteristics, perhaps (*mama*). ([Colophon note:] This is the intent of *Saisho Sho*, fascicle two.) However, with regard to what the sūtras and treatises say, the Venerable Zizhou himself offers a reconciliation (in the *Saisho Sho*, fascicle two): "What is called the 'Transformation Body' for the pre-ground stage refers to the body seen equally by the three vehicles — it is not (the body) seen by bodhisattvas at the four wholesome roots" (etc.).
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**Question:** The sūtra text says: "This is the Tathāgata-nature, this is the Tathāgata-garbha (*nyoraizō*)" (etc.). In the commentary, interpreting the present "Tathāgata-garbha," (the commentary) cites...