英語訳
# Kaei 7 (1854), Year of the Tiger, November: The Great Osaka Earthquake and Tsunami
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## [Section 1: Earthquake Damage]
**November 4th, around 9:00 a.m. — Great Earthquake**
The stage of Kiyomizudera, and the reception hall of Gankyōji Temple, collapsed. The well-canopy shrine at Tenma Tenjin Shrine ▲ The stone torii gate and votive picture hall of Ikasuri Shrine ▲ High walls on Honmachi and Kitsune-kōji collapsed ▲ The votive picture hall at Nishi-teramachi Konpira Shrine ▲ The back-gate torii of Kami-no-Tenjin at Fukushima collapsed ▲ The worship hall of Naka-no-Tenjin ▲ The votive picture hall of Shimo-no-Tenjin ▲ The gate side walls, Rakan-dō hall, kitchen, and the entranceway of Kōchi-in at the Five Hundred Rakan temple ▲ The bell tower of Tetsugenji Temple in Namba ▲ The well canopy at Omae ▲ Significant damage at various locations within the precinct of both Honganji temples ▲ The bell tower of Anyūji ▲ The drum hall of Tennōji ▲ (A certain temple) became rhombus-shaped ▲ There were also damages at various other shrines and temples, but it is impossible to record them all here.
### Record of collapsed buildings by neighborhood:
▲ High walls collapsed on the north side of Sanoya-bashi Shiomachi; deaths reported. A fire broke out at the north end of the Hagoita-bashi bridge corner ▲ Many collapses in the Komanomono-tana and Toya-machi area. A storehouse wall on the north side of Obiya-machi collapsed ▲ A large storehouse at Eidai-hama collapsed ▲ Seven or eight buildings from the south end of Dōjima Sakura-bashi bridge westward collapsed ▲ The main hall of Meishōji Temple on the Ajigawa River collapsed ▲ Seven or eight buildings south of the east conduit at Yukimachi ▲ Five or six buildings in Kita-horie 4-chōme ▲ Fourteen or fifteen buildings at the southwest corner of Ryōgoku-bashi and Kakuya-machi ▲ Sixteen or seventeen buildings at the south end of Jōan-ji Temple ▲ A wax storage warehouse collapsed; the wax became mixed with dark soil and sand ▲ Five buildings at the north end of Shiomitsu-bashi bridge ▲ Nishiguchi Ido-tsuji ▲ Kita-Kutarō-machi, Dombori, Jukkei-machi, Dombori. In addition, there were many collapsed tenement houses, too numerous to write down.
▲ Kujō Village ▲ Maedare area ▲ Kansuké-jima ▲ Tera-jima ▲ Tomi-jima ▲ Ebisu-jima ▲ Enoko-jima ▲ Zakobaarea ▲ Nagara and Ōnin Village ▲ Umeda area ▲ Tennōji Village ▲ Tenka-chaya Village ▲ Imamiya, as well as Kizu, Namba, the new reclaimed lands, and surrounding areas — damages were reported in many places, but due to the great number of incidents, details are omitted.
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**[Illustration caption]**
*"A scene of people sleeping outdoors in the streets of Osaka every night."*
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## [Section 2: The Tsunami]
### Account of the Tsunami
The following day, the 5th:
On November 5th, around 2:00 p.m. (the Hour of the Rooster, seven o'clock in the traditional system), a great earthquake struck. From all directions came a roaring sound like ten thousand thunderbolts falling, causing everyone great fear and bewilderment. Then, toward evening, a great tsunami of over two jō (approximately 6 meters) in height surged in. Without distinction between large vessels and small boats, all were tossed up by the tsunami; some were smashed to splinters, while others were driven up into the inner waterways. The masts of large ships knocked down bridge after bridge, and over 1,500 large ships were driven up as far as Dōtonbori and Daikoku-bashi, piling up two and three layers high like turtle shells laid out to dry in the sun.
Most pitiable of all: frightened by the previous day's and that day's earthquakes, people of all ages and classes throughout the city — the old and young, men and women, high and low — rushed in panic to board tea boats, kensaki boats, cabin boats, cargo boats, and thirty-koku vessels, each choosing whatever was at hand. Rejoicing that they would be safe from being crushed by the shaking, their relief was in vain — alas! — for in an instant the tsunami surged over them, capsizing boats and passengers alike to the bottom of the waters. The screams and cries echoed throughout all of Osaka, and it was truly a scene of utmost heartbreak, impossible to witness. Furthermore, people in the western districts scattered like baby spiders in the wind, fleeing toward Uemachi in numbers beyond counting.
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### [Approximate count of boats driven onto land]
**Ajigawa River mouth:**
- 1,000-koku class and above: 60 vessels
- Below 1,000-koku: 95 vessels
- Isaba (fish transport) boats: 30 vessels
- Upper-cargo boats: 115 vessels
**Kizu River mouth:**
- 1,000-koku class and above: over 200 vessels
- Below 1,000-koku: over 400 vessels
- Tea boats: 84 vessels
- Upper-cargo boats: 674 vessels
- Isaba boats: 50 vessels
In addition, approximately 600 or more vessels were completely shattered or split in half.
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### [Rough count of drowning deaths]
▲ Hashi-dōri: 48 persons ▲ Minami-horie (4th and 5th districts): approximately 33 persons ▲ Yoshiya-machi: 2 persons ▲ Shimo-Bakurō: 43 persons ▲ Shirōbyōe-machi: 45 persons ▲ Tamate-machi: 9 persons ▲ Yukimachi: approximately 200 persons ▲ Kanaya-machi: 11 persons ▲ Tera-jima: 42 persons ▲ Kansuke-jima: 53 persons ▲ Ōkuni-machi: 6 persons ▲ Shin-Ebisu-machi: 8 persons ▲ Ajigawa River mouth: approximately 150 persons
**Total estimated deaths: 263 men, 387 women**
In addition to the above, there were bodies found in rivers throughout the city, but the numbers remain unknown. The count of outsiders who had come from other provinces, as well as boatmen and similar persons, remains uncertain and may number in the thousands.
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## [Section 3: Notes on the River Map]
### Cautions Regarding Riverbanks
▲ These marks indicate bridges that have fallen.
● Both banks of the rivers were struck by boats, causing massive collapse of homes with no buildings left undamaged. **Do not board boats.**
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## [Section 4: Record of the Hōei Earthquake and Tsunami]
### Account of the Great Osaka Earthquake and Tsunami of the Hōei Era
On the 4th day of the 10th month of Hōei 4 (1707), the Year of the Boar, in the early afternoon (the lower part of the Hour of the Horse), the earthquake began from the southwest direction. Starting with Nishi-yokobori, the canals of Fushimi-bori, Tatsuri-bori, Minami-horie, and the entirety of Shinsaibashi from south to north all collapsed. Nishi-yokobori-dōri was completely destroyed. The sea then roared and surged, and a great tsunami rushed upstream. The masts of large ships knocked down bridge after bridge, and large ships were driven all the way into Dōtonbori and Nipponbashi. The same occurred at the Ajigawa River mouth. From the morning of the 4th to the 25th, great earthquakes struck every single day, causing enormous damage to houses and storehouses. It was truly a most terrifying earthquake.
**Kita-gumi (North District):**
- Destroyed houses: 579
- Deaths: approximately 278 (114 men, 164 women)
**Minami-gumi (South District):**
- Destroyed houses: 314
- Deaths: approximately 345 (148 men, 287 women)
**Tenma-gumi (Tenma District):**
- Destroyed houses: 168
- Deaths: approximately 111 (31 men, 80 women)
**Total for the Three Districts (sangō):**
- Collapsed houses: 1,061
- Deaths: 734 persons
- Injured: innumerable
Damage from the earthquake and tsunami (total figures):
- Houses: 603
- Bridges: 50
- Vessels (large and small): over 1,300
- Deaths by drowning: over 7,000 persons
- Deaths by flood: 10,000 persons
From Hōei 4, fifty years passed to Hōreki 6 (1756, Year of the Rat), and at the Umeda cemetery, from the 17th day of the 3rd month over a fourteen-day period, a Mandō-e (ten thousand lanterns) memorial service and great Buddhist ceremonies of all sects were held.
From Hōei 4 to Kaei 7 amounts to one hundred and forty-eight years.
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## [Right column, horizontal text: Notable Events of Kaei 7 (1854) — Stories for Posterity]
- **1st Month (January):** Around mid-month, American ships arrived at Uraga in Sagami Province.
- **2nd Month (February):** The Odaiba (cannon battery) was constructed at Shinagawa. On the 20th, the foreign ships departed.
- **3rd Month (March):** The formal re-enshrinement at Sakuranomiya Shrine.
- **4th Month (April):** Starting on the 6th at noon, a fire broke out in Kyoto; the Imperial Palace was engulfed in flames.
- **5th Month (May):** The stone walls of Osaka Castle crumbled.
- **6th Month (June):** A filially pious young woman of Nihonmatsu-machi, Osaka, received an official commendation.
- **7th Month (July):** Thousand-time pilgrimages (sendo-mairi) were performed at various shrines in Osaka, with people coming from all neighborhoods.
- **Intercalary Month:** Tiger amulets from Mt. Shigi were distributed.
- **8th Month (August):** Ground-tamping ceremonies held at both Honganji temples in Osaka.
- **9th Month (September):** On the 18th, a Russian ship appeared off Tenpozan.
- **10th Month (October):** Three boys (triplets) were born in Naganomachi, Osaka.
- **11th Month (November):** Many drowned in Shimo-Bakurō and Horie in Osaka; a great Segaki (memorial for the dead) ceremony was held.
- **12th Month (December):** On the 28th, a great fire spread from Kanda to the Nihonbashi area.
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## [Bottom margin: Earthquake Preparedness Instructions]
When an earthquake is detected, place a metal washbasin or water-filled earthen kettle on top of the brazier. Carry out books and important belongings, and spread tatami mats or boards in the street. This is something to be cautious about; when there is no time to get out, crouch in the shadow of a chest of drawers or similar furniture. **Under no circumstances board a boat.** After an earthquake, a tsunami will surely follow. Be careful with fire — keep flint strikers, lanterns, paper lanterns (andon), and earthenware vessels placed directly on the ground so that fire does not go out. As a precaution for buildings, prop large logs against the eaves of the opposite building as supports. Corner houses are dangerous. Houses in the middle of a block may become rhombus-shaped but are unlikely to cause serious injury. If a building collapses, do not go outside — pull tatami mats over yourself inside. When fleeing to the main road, never go near corner houses. Tatami floors cause muddy water to spurt up and lead to ground cracks. Fleeing into halls or shrines is most dangerous. Above all, protecting against water and fire is the top priority.
*Note: Even if an earthquake begins to shake, as long as the shoji screens and fusuma sliding doors do not come off their tracks, there is no need to fear the house collapsing. If you are going to flee outside, prepare a jinbachi (helmet), head covering, parasol, and tenugui (hand towel), and wear multiple layers of clothing as protection against falling roof tiles.*