英語訳
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When principle and characteristics are discussed in opposition regarding their identity and separation, it is also like this. When one wishes to make them identical, the traces of characteristics and nature are classified into form and emptiness. When one wishes to separate them, truth and convention also harmoniously merge like ice and water. That the immeasurable differentiated characteristics within phenomena are neither one nor different is also like this. That the boundless gates of inner realization within principle are neither identical nor separate is also like this. Therefore the Consciousness-Only Treatise states: "This depends on the conventional. If depending on the ultimate, mental factors and mind are neither separate nor identical. One should know that the mutual relationship of consciousnesses is also thus. This is called the wonderful principle of truth and convention in the Great Vehicle." <<Marginal note: Text>> It also states: "As with the previously explained differentiated characteristics of consciousness, this depends on principle-convention, not true ultimate meaning. In true ultimate meaning, mind and language are cut off." It also states: "The self-nature of the eight consciousnesses cannot be said to be definitely one. Because their modes of activity, supports, objects, and associated [factors] differ. Also because when one ceases, the others do not cease. Because the characteristics of perfumer and perfumed are each different. They are also not definitely different. Because the sūtra explains that the eight consciousnesses are like water and waves with no distinction. If definitely different, they should not have causality. Because like magical creations they have no fixed nature." <<Marginal note: Text>> The Consciousness-Only Chapter states: "However, each dharma has its own principle, each separately realized internally, which cannot be called common. However, since the essence is not a common characteristic, the myriad dharmas do not separate from this. Because principle is one without duality, it can also be called a common characteristic." <<Marginal note: Etc. Summarized meaning>> For these reasons, phenomena in relation to phenomena are neither identical nor separate. Principles in relation to principles are neither identical nor separate. Phenomena in relation to principle are neither identical nor separate. However, regarding the non-identity and non-separation of phenomena and phenomena, non-identity is fundamental. Because phenomenal characteristics are numerous. Regarding the non-identity and non-separation of principles and principles, non-separation is fundamental. Because true principle is one taste. Regarding the non-identity and non-separation of principle and phenomena, the two gates are equal. Because characteristics and nature mutually depend, and both identity and separation are in accord. Question: Regarding the non-identity and non-separation of phenomena and phenomena, why non-identity? Why non-separation? Furthermore, why is non-identity fundamental? Answer: [These are] dharmas produced by causes and
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conditions. Because causes and conditions are not one. Because characteristics and states are numerous. Because substantial phenomena are myriad different. There must be various non-unified distinctions. Therefore non-identity is fundamental. However, because their essence is false like illusions and dreams, they mutually become causes and effects. There is no definitely real separation. How could they be definitely separated in characteristics? Therefore, though non-identical, they are also non-separate. Regarding the eight consciousnesses' non-unity and non-difference, the treatise text's meaning is clear. I privately take one analogy to clarify this meaning. It states: The various false objects existing in the world have myriad different characteristics, immeasurable and boundless. These are houses, gates, towers, walls, platforms, pavilions, etc. Such phenomena have never had fixed characteristics. If one destroys a house to make a gate-tower, it can be accomplished. If one destroys a gate-tower to make a wall, it can also be accomplished. Because the principle is thus, those phenomena are all unfixed. Because material objects are thus, even when not yet destroyed, those various characteristics are all undetermined. The mutual融合 of phenomena and phenomena—this meaning is inevitable with no further doubt. However, a house is precisely a house and not gates, etc. A gate is precisely a gate and not houses, etc. Each phenomenal characteristic remains clearly unconfused. Because there are no fixed characteristics, how could everything become completely chaotic? Therefore, though false, the positions of falseness each have their own divisions. Though lacking fixed characteristics, who would eliminate the existent characteristics of non-existence? Therefore it can be said: these are the fixed characteristics of having no fixed characteristics. This means the efficacy of causally accomplished [phenomena] is never diminished. Because causes and effects correspond appropriately and do not readily transform. Because causes and conditions are not exhausted, those various characteristics can all exist. Though existing thus, because their self-nature lacks fixed characteristics, the meaning of mutual harmonious merging is also decisive. Conditioned dharmas are also like this. Material dharmas, mental dharmas, mind-kings, mental factors, five faculties, five objects, three realms, six paths, causal stages, resultant stages—such countless distinctions are all individually
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dharmas accomplished by their own self-nature's causes and conditions, therefore having no fixed characteristics. Having no fixed characteristics, everything harmoniously merges. How could they not mutually transform? However, because they are causally accomplished and those phenomena are not empty, because causes and conditions are not exhausted, various phenomenal characteristics remain clearly distinct. Neither side is confused at all. Therefore phenomena and phenomena are neither identical nor separate. The gate of non-identity is taken as fundamental. Question: If so, regarding the non-identity and non-separation of principles and principles, why non-identity? Why non-separation? Furthermore, why is non-separation fundamental? Answer: If true principle were definitely different, this should be conditioned. Dharmas with numerous essences necessarily depend on causes and conditions. If there are causes and conditions, what arises should be conditioned. Moreover, if there are different characteristics, these should be phenomenal characteristics. How could this be called dharma-nature? If true principle were definitely one, it should not be individual natures. If not individual natures, what could be called the natures of dharmas? Moreover, if there is one characteristic, this should be a phenomenal characteristic. What could be called dharma-nature? Therefore true principle is neither identical nor separate. One merely relies on explanatory gates to forcibly establish this. One taste is fundamental. Why? Because within characteristic-less dharma there are no separate characteristics. Due to this meaning, though [speaking of] the principle of form, principle has no material obstruction. How does this differ from mind-nature? Though [speaking of] the principle of mind, principle has no discrimination. How does this differ from form-nature? Furthermore, the various principles of dharmas such as the five faculties, five dusts, mind-king, mental factors, etc., can be known thus in mutual comparison. Therefore numerous differences are all conditioned characteristics. They are not at all differences within true nature. Therefore in the sacred teachings this is called equality-nature and termed the realm of space. This means phenomenal characteristics are immeasurably myriad different, [while] true principle is one taste, neither arising nor perishing. Neither one nor different. Neither form nor mind. Neither internal nor external. Because there are no distinctions. Therefore the natures of the three categories, four truths, etc., and the principles of the three realms, five destinies, three vehicles, etc., all mutually penetrate with no barriers between them. However, when this one principle becomes the nature of each individual phenomenal characteristic,
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form-nature is the immutable principle capable of material obstruction, mind-nature is the immutable principle capable of discrimination. Furthermore, each and every one is like this. Therefore the gate of non-identity follows from phenomenal characteristics. Discussing their ultimate reality is not the gate of true principle's essential nature. Directly discussing principle-essence, because it is one taste, it is neither identical nor separate. In the inconceivable, if forcibly establishing [distinctions], non-separation is fundamental. Question: If so, is the principle of hell-realm precisely the principle of buddha-realm? Furthermore, is the principle of buddha-realm precisely the principle of hell-realm? Asking about each of the individual realms of hungry ghosts, animals, and even śrāvakas is also thus. Answer: Is the mutual inclusion of the ten realms a doctrine of other schools? According to our school's intention, there should be two gates. When transmitted and discussed from conditioned phenomena, non-identity is fundamental. Why? The dependent and proper [retribution] of hell are extremely painful form and mind. Explaining their true nature is called established suchness. The dependent and proper [retribution] of buddha-realm are extremely good and wonderful essence. Explaining their true nature is called correct practice suchness. These principle-natures are clearly distinct without confusion. Because each dharma-nature is individually realized. If directly discussing principle-essence, it is equal without distinctions. Because there is nothing further that separates, the meaning of mutual inclusion is also inevitable. Established suchness and correct practice suchness are all one suchness dharma-nature principle. Therefore the Consciousness-Only Commentary states: "Abandoning explanation and discussing essence, it is precisely one suchness." <<Marginal note: Text>> How much more so when phenomenal characteristics also have no fixed characteristics. Though taking non-identity as fundamental, there is also the meaning of non-separation. How could individual true principles be definitely different? If approaching from this gate, phenomenal characteristics all merge, and the meaning of mutual inclusion has no difficulty whatsoever. Question: Regarding the mutual opposition of principle and phenomena in non-identity and non-separation, why non-identity? Why non-separation? Furthermore, why are the two gates equal? Answer: The Consciousness-Only Treatise states: "If different, it should not be suchness, not their true nature. If not different, this nature should be impermanent. Both should be pure and impure objects. Then fundamental and subsequent cognition's functions should have no distinction."