英語訳
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[The Buddha] extensively taught the various skillful means of aggregates, noble truths, and so forth. This corresponds precisely to the other-dependent phenomena of production-naturelessness. Their meaning is most shallow. Therefore, for those of lesser capacity, this was taught first.
The second period refers to when the Tathāgata, in the past, extensively taught the bodhisattvas at Vulture Peak and other places that all phenomena are without inherent nature, unborn, unceasing, originally tranquil, and nirvana by nature. This corresponds precisely to the gate of three naturelessnesses. This was still a general teaching and a provisional doctrine, so it was gradually taught to those of middling capacity. These two teachings above, though extraordinary, are both provisional, so they are called "places where disputes can take foothold." The third period refers to when the Tathāgata now, at the Lotus Treasury World and other places, extensively taught the principle of establishing the three types of naturelessness based on the three natures of parikalpita and so forth, fully revealing emptiness and existence of all phenomena. Since this is the most perfectly complete teaching, it was taught universally for practitioners of all vehicles. Since all the Tathāgata's hidden intentions are fully revealed and disputes are permanently transcended, it is called the "teaching without disputes or objections." This is the general outline of the three periods of teaching. However, the reason the Buddha established teachings was simply the sequential order from shallow to deep principles. That is, because there are the most shallow [teachings], these were taught first, and because non-empty and non-existent [teachings] are the deepest, they were taught third. When teaching according to capacity based on the depth of principles in this way, years and months naturally pass in sequential order. Taking this passage of years and months as the designation, it is called the "three periods of teaching." Therefore, when we trace the origin, it is the depth of principles; when we discuss the designation, it is the chronological sequence. Since that depth of principles also does not contradict the meaning of chronological sequence, name and meaning correspond and the periods of teaching are established.
Thus, the Avataṃsaka being included in the third period, the Final Teaching Sutra being included in the first period, and so forth—all do not contradict each other.
Question: What is the meaning of the depth of principles not contradicting the temporal designations? Answer: In the Yogācāra Commentary, when explaining
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the text about timely death and untimely death from that root treatise, it states: "Time means principle. Or it means appropriate temporal division." The word "time" originally encompasses the meaning of principle. This point is clear. This means that "time" signifies positional correspondence and definitive nature. Therefore it extends to principle. What it specifically refers to is this: although we use chronological time to name the three periods of teaching, within that temporal designation naturally contains the meaning of threefold principles. Moreover, when our school judges the various teachings, there are greatly two approaches. The so-called sudden enlightenment approach establishes only one period of teaching. Those of sudden enlightenment hear all teachings and awaken to the Middle Way. This means that in the Buddha's intention, even when existence is taught in the first period, it is the existence of the Middle Way. This is because it is the existence of other-dependent and perfectly accomplished [natures] among the three natures. The emptiness of the second period is also the emptiness of the Middle Way. This is because it is the emptiness of the imagined [nature] among the three natures. Before sudden enlightenment, there is no distinction of three periods. Second, the gradual enlightenment approach is precisely the three periods of teaching. For those of gradual enlightenment, since their faculties ripen gradually, there are stages in their understanding of the three periods of existence, emptiness, and Middle Way. Therefore the Buddha necessarily established the threefold teaching. Thus the sequence of Āgamas, Prajñāpāramitā, Saṃdhinirmocana, etc., is specifically the doctrinal aspect for those of gradual capacity. Therefore this is taken as the basis of the three periods. However, in the practice of establishing temporal teachings, there is no teaching that is not included. Therefore the Avataṃsaka and others are necessarily included. Hence in the sudden enlightenment approach, all teachings of one lifetime are included in one period; in the gradual enlightenment approach, all teachings of one lifetime are included in three periods. With nothing lacking on either side, the doctrinal path is complete.
The Hundred Dharmas and Two Emptinesses
The hundred dharmas are established to eliminate attachment to emptiness, and the two selflessnesses are established to eliminate attachment to existence. First, discussing the hundred dharmas, they are briefly categorized into five dharmas. First are mind dharmas; in Sanskrit called "citta." This is named "mind." It means accumulation and arising. Second are mental factor dharmas; what belongs to mind is called "mental factors."
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Third are form dharmas, having obstruction as their characteristic. Fourth are dharmas not associated with mind, "saṃskāra" refers to the saṃskāra aggregate. The saṃskāra aggregate has two types: associated saṃskāras and non-associated saṃskāras. Since we now distinguish from the former, they are called "non-associated." Fifth are unconditioned dharmas; "saṃskṛta" means "created." These dharmas are permanent and free from fabrication, hence called "unconditioned." Among these, mind-kings are supreme among all; mental factors correspond with them; the various form dharmas are reflections manifested by mind-kings and mental factors; non-associated saṃskāras are positional distinctions of mind, mental factors, and form; unconditioned dharmas are what mind, mental factors, form, and non-associated saṃskāras reveal. Such is this sequence. The first, mind dharmas, briefly has eight types. {When the five consciousnesses arise, the mental consciousness necessarily arises. When mental consciousness arises, the five do not necessarily arise. The five consciousnesses also do not necessarily arise together.} First is eye-consciousness: it depends on the eye faculty, takes the four visible colors as objects, arises from distinct seeds, encompasses the three natures, exists in the desire realm and first dhyāna, and has four supports: 1) eye faculty, 2) mental consciousness, 3) manas, 4) ālaya. Regarding the three epistemic instruments, it is only direct perception. It has thirty-four associated mental factors, though not all correspond simultaneously, as explained below. Second is ear-consciousness: it depends on the ear faculty and takes sound as its object. Its associated mental factors and so forth are as explained for the consciousness above. Third is nose-consciousness: it depends on the nose faculty and takes scent as its object. The rest is as explained above, but regarding realm-binding, it exists only in the desire realm. Fourth is tongue-consciousness: it depends on the tongue faculty and takes taste as its object. The rest is also as above. Fifth is body-consciousness: it depends on the body faculty and takes touch as its object. The rest is also as above, but regarding realm-binding, it is the same as eye and ear consciousness. Sixth is mental consciousness: it depends on the mental faculty and takes dharmas as objects. Dharmas are all phenomena. The mental faculty is the seventh manas. It arises from distinct seeds, encompasses the three
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natures, encompasses the three realm-bindings, has two supports—the mental faculty and the eighth [consciousness]. It encompasses the three epistemic instruments, and all mental factors can correspond with it, though not simultaneously, as explained below. Seventh is manas consciousness; this is called "mind consciousness." The sixth is possessive dependence; this is attributive, so the two are each distinct. Its constant deliberative thinking surpasses other consciousnesses, hence it is specifically named "manas." It arises from distinct seeds, is only of obscured nature, encompasses the three realm-bindings, depends on the eighth, and is only non-epistemic. It only takes the seeing aspect of the eighth as its object. Eighteen mental factors correspond simultaneously.
Eighth is ālayavijñāna; this translates as "storehouse." Because it has the meanings of container, contained, and appropriating container, it is called "storehouse consciousness." It arises from distinct seeds, is only of unobscured nature. Among unobscured natures there are four types of neutral karma. This consciousness is only matured neutral karma. It encompasses the three realm-bindings, depends on the seventh, and is only direct perception. It takes three types of objects: seeds, the five faculties, and the container world. Its corresponding mental factors are only five in number. Generally, the generative seeds of all dharmas are all within this storehouse consciousness.
The second, mental factors, briefly has six types. {When mind-kings arise, mental factors necessarily arise. When mental factors arise, mind-kings necessarily arise. This is discussed in terms of one collection.} Omnipresent has five. Since they can definitely be found in all minds, they are called "omnipresent." Object-specific has five. Since they arise by engaging distinct objects, they are called "object-specific." Wholesome has eleven. Since they can only arise in wholesome minds, they are called "wholesome." Afflictions has six. Since their nature is included in fundamental afflictions, they receive the name "afflictions." Among secondary afflictions there are twenty types. Since they are only the equal-flow nature of afflictions, they are called "secondary afflictions." Indeterminate has four. Since they are all indeterminate regarding wholesome, defiled, and so forth, the name "indeterminate" is established. The five omnipresent are: {These five types necessarily arise together} namely, first is attention (manaskāra): its nature is to alert the mind, its function is to direct the mind toward the object of awareness. It arises from distinct seeds,