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[karma]. It encompasses the desire realm and first dhyāna. The rest is also the same as above. Sixth is flattery (māyā). In order to deceive others, its nature is to falsely display different manners and be crooked, and its function is to obstruct non-flattery and instruction. The rest is also the same as above. Seventh is arrogance (mada). Regarding one's own prosperous affairs, its nature is to deeply generate attachment and be intoxicated with pride, and its function is to obstruct non-arrogance and serve as the basis for defilement. This is a state of greed. It encompasses the three realms. The rest is also the same as above. Eighth is harmfulness (vihiṃsā). Regarding sentient beings, its nature is to have no compassion in mind and cause harm and distress, and its function is to obstruct non-harmfulness and cause oppression. This is a state of hatred. It is only of unwholesome nature and exists only in the desire realm. The rest is also the same as above. Ninth is jealousy (īrṣyā). Its nature is to sacrifice one's own fame and profit, be unable to tolerate others' prosperity, and be envious, and its function is to obstruct non-jealousy and cause sorrow. The rest is also the same as above. Tenth is stinginess (mātsarya). Its nature is to be attached to wealth and dharmas, unable to give generously, and be secretive and miserly, and its function is to obstruct non-stinginess and engage in base hoarding. This is a state of greed. The rest is also the same as above. {The above ten dharmas arise separately, hence they are called minor secondary afflictions.} Eleventh is shamelessness (āhrīkya). Its nature is to not regard oneself and the dharma and to despise and reject the worthy and good, and its function is to obstruct shame and foster the growth of evil conduct. Arising from distinct seeds, it is only of unwholesome nature, exists only in the desire realm, encompasses the three epistemic instruments, encompasses the six consciousnesses but excludes the seventh and eighth consciousnesses. Its supports, etc., are the same as the mind-king of one collection. Twelfth is lack of moral dread (anapatrāpya). Its nature is to not regard the world and revere violence and evil, and its function is to obstruct moral dread and foster the growth of evil conduct. The rest is like the dharma above. {The above two dharmas pervade unwholesomeness, hence they are called medium secondary afflictions.} Thirteenth is faithlessness (āśraddhya). Regarding truth, virtue, and ability, its nature is to not accept, desire, or have mental purity, and its function is to obstruct pure faith and serve as the basis for indolence. Arising from distinct seeds, it encompasses unwholesome and obscured neutral [karma], encompasses the three realm-bindings, pervades the seven consciousnesses but excludes the eighth consciousness. The rest is the same as the dharma above. Fourteenth is laziness (kausīdya). Regarding the cultivation and abandonment of wholesome and unwholesome qualities, its nature is to be lazy and indolent, and its function is to obstruct effort and
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increase defilements as its activity. The rest is also the same as above. Fifteenth is carelessness (pramāda). Regarding defiled and pure qualities, its nature is to be unable to guard and cultivate and to be unrestrained, and its function is to obstruct conscientiousness and serve as the basis for increasing evil and diminishing good. It consists of four states: laziness, greed, hatred, and delusion. It has no separate seeds. The rest is also the same as above. Sixteenth is dullness (styāna). Its nature is to make the mind unable to function properly regarding objects, and its function is to obstruct tranquility and vipaśyanā. Arising from distinct seeds, the rest is also the same as above. Seventeenth is restlessness (auddhatya). Its nature is to make the mind not peaceful regarding objects, and its function is to obstruct equanimity in action and śamatha. The rest is also the same as above. Eighteenth is forgetfulness (muṣitasmṛtitā). Its nature is to be unable to clearly remember regarding all objects of awareness, and its function is to obstruct right mindfulness and serve as the basis for distraction. It is a state of mindfulness and delusion. It has no separate seeds. The rest is also the same as above. Nineteenth is lack of clear comprehension (asamprajanya). Its nature is to misunderstand regarding objects of contemplation, and its function is to obstruct clear comprehension and cause violations. It is a state of wisdom and delusion. It has no separate seeds. The rest is also the same as above. Twentieth is mental distraction (vikṣepa). Its nature is to cause the mind to wander regarding all objects of awareness, and its function is to obstruct right concentration and serve as the basis for wrong wisdom. Arising from distinct seeds, the rest is also the same as above. {The above eight dharmas pervade the defiled mind, hence they are called major secondary afflictions. "Defiled mind" means unwholesome and obscured.} The four indeterminate [factors] are: {Among these four dharmas, the first two and one of the latter two sometimes arise together. The latter two in relation to each other never arise together.} First is sleep (middha). Its nature is to cause involuntary dullness and obscurity, and its function is to obstruct contemplation. Arising from distinct seeds, it encompasses the three natures, exists only in the desire realm, is definitely not direct perception, exists only in the sixth [consciousness]. Its supports, objects, etc., are the same as the mind-king of one collection. Second is regret (kaukṛtya). Its nature is to regret evil actions performed, and its function is to obstruct tranquility. The rest is also the same as above. Third is initial application (vitarka). Its nature is to cause the mind to move roughly and hurriedly regarding conceptual objects. It is a state of volition and wisdom. It has no separate seeds. It encompasses the desire realm and first dhyāna, encompasses the three epistemic instruments. The rest is also the same as above. Fourth is sustained application (vicāra). Its nature is to cause
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the mind to move subtly and hurriedly regarding conceptual objects. It encompasses the intermediate dhyāna. The rest is also the same as above. These two both take as their function serving as the basis for the states of peaceful and non-peaceful abiding of body and mind.
The third is form dharmas (rūpa). There are briefly eleven types. First is the eye. It means the meanings of illumination and guidance. It is not a positional dharma. Arising from distinct seeds, it is the support of eye-consciousness and a transformation of the ālaya. The sixth consciousness sometimes also depends on this and sometimes takes it as object. That is, the consciousness accompanying the five consciousnesses depends on this, while the independent [sixth consciousness] takes it as object. The substantial basis is all transformations of the ālaya. Second is the ear. It means the meaning of being able to hear. It is the support of ear-consciousness. The rest is the same as above. Third is the nose. It means the meaning of being able to smell. It is the support of nose-consciousness. Fourth is the tongue. It means the meaning of being able to taste. It is the support of tongue-consciousness. Fifth is the body. It means the two meanings of accumulation and support. It is the support of body-consciousness. Each of the remaining meanings is the same as the eye and ear faculties. The above five dharmas are called the five faculties. "Faculty" means the meaning of predominance and generation. Because they create power for the eye and other consciousnesses. Sixth is visible form. First is manifest color, meaning blue, yellow, etc., which is not a positional dharma. Each arises from separate seeds. Its substantial basis is transformations of the ālaya; the reflective image is transformations of eye-consciousness. The sixth consciousness sometimes also takes it as object. Second is shaped color, meaning long, short, etc. Third is indicative color, meaning walking, standing, etc. These forms and indications have no separate seeds. They are objects of the sixth consciousness. Seventh is sound. Namely sounds caused by the appropriated and caused by the non-appropriated, as well as those caused by both, pleasant, unpleasant, and neither. These six types all have separate seeds and are not positional dharmas. Their substantial basis is transformations of the eighth [consciousness]; the reflective images are transformations of ear-consciousness. The sixth consciousness sometimes also takes them as objects. Eighth is smell. Namely the three: good, bad, and neutral. All have separate seeds. Their reflective images are transformations of nose-consciousness. The rest is the same as the dharma above. Ninth is taste. Namely
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bitter, sour, pungent, sweet, salty, bland, and other tastes. All have separate seeds. Their reflective images are transformations of tongue-consciousness. The rest is also the same as above. Tenth is touch. Namely earth, water, fire, and wind are called the four great elements. Each has separate generative seeds. These four great elements create all other forms. The four dusts and five faculties are all created by these. Hence they are called "creative elements." The reflective images are transformations of body-consciousness. Smooth, rough, light, heavy, etc., are states of the four great elements. They have no separate seeds. The sixth [consciousness] takes them as objects. The rest is also the same as above. The above five dharmas are called the five objects, also called the five dusts. These have internal and external [aspects]. The internal are the dependent bodies of sentient beings. The external are the substance of the container world. Eleventh is form included in the dharma-sphere. This has five types: extremely subtle, extremely distant, and those induced by sensation, those arising from conceptual construction, and those induced by concentration. Among these, four colors are definitely conventional dharmas. They have no separate seeds. Colors induced by concentration include both conventional and real [aspects]. The real arise from separate seeds; the conventional have no separate seeds. These five types of color are all objects of the sixth [consciousness]. The real colors that are fruits of concentration are also objects of the eye, etc. Extremely subtle color is the infinitesimal. Extremely distant color is space-interface color. Those induced by sensation are formless [moral conduct]. Those arising from conceptual construction are things like moon in water and mirror images. Those induced by concentration are the five dusts, etc., transformed by the power of concentration.
The fourth is dharmas not associated with mind (cittaviprayuktasaṃskāra). There are briefly twenty-four types. First is acquisition (prāpti). It means the meanings of obtaining and accomplishment. It is a state of form and mind. It has no separate seeds. It is an object of the sixth consciousness. Second is life faculty (jīvitendriya). It means the meaning of maintenance and determination. It is a state of the generative seeds of ālaya-consciousness. The rest is the same as the dharma above. Third is commonality of beings (sattvasamāpatti). It means the meaning of similarity. It is a state of the bodies and minds of the various classes of sentient beings. Fourth is the ordinary person (pṛthagjana). It means the meaning of non-attainment of the noble path. It is a state of the seeds of view-delusions of the three realms. Fifth is the concentration of no-perception (asaṃjñāsamāpatti). Namely