日本の仏典を翻刻

コレクション: 大日本仏教全書第3巻

一 顕揚正法復古集二巻 - 翻刻

一 顕揚正法復古集二巻 - ページ 14

ページ: 14

翻刻

【二十六頁上段】 不_二是妙法蓮華_一也。煩惱境已下。具如_二摩訶止觀明_一。如_レ 是觀行。此生入_二於銅輪初住位_一者。是爲_二 上成就_一。至_二於 鐵輪十信位_一者。是名_二 中成就_一。到_二於五品觀行位_一者。是 名_二 下成就_一。未_レ至_二於三種成就_一。以_二思所成慧_一。如_レ理解_二了 一切法即空假中_一。不_レ容_二遲疑_一者。是名_二名字即_一。《割書:云云》。所謂 漸次止觀者。前淺後深。如_レ登_二梯隥_一。以_レ知_三實相叵_二容易 入_一。先修_二歸戒_一。飜_レ邪向_レ正。成_二就世善_一。次修_二諸禪_一。達_二色 無色_一。次修_二無漏_一。達_二涅槃道_一。次修_二慈悲_一。達_二菩薩道_一。後 修_二實相_一。達_二秘密藏_一。具如_二禪波羅蜜說_一。所謂不定止觀 者。前漸後頓。或理或事。淺深互修。前後不定。如_二 六妙 門明_一。  天台判敎之中。以_レ大斥_レ小。以_レ圓破_レ偏者。竝皆由_レ理。  對待只是判敎之洪格耳。何者以_二界外敎_一對_二界內敎_一。  以_二 地上道_一對_二 地前道_一。以_二無功用道_一對_二有功用道_一。以_二  果分_一對_二因分_一。則貶_レ 上貶_レ 下。以_レ後廢_レ前。理數應_レ爾。若  論_二機之威_レ敎。敎之應_一_レ機則。十因緣所成衆生機類萬  差。宜_レ稟_レ大者有_レ之。宜_レ稟_レ小者有_レ之。宜_レ稟_レ圓者有_レ 【二十六頁下段】  之。宜_レ稟_レ偏者有_レ之。故智者禪師。雖_レ宗_二法華_一。於_二敎道  門_一。廣申_二諸敎_一。權實兼弘。於_二觀行門_一開_二 三止觀_一。以投_二  三機_一。喻如_二應_レ病授_一_レ藥也。妙玄云。今時人弘法。或一  向用_レ大。或一向用_レ小。皆不_レ得_二佛意_一。善弘_レ經者。用與 適_レ時。口雖_レ說_レ權。而內心不_レ違_二實法_一。但使_三衆生得_二權  實七益_一。如_レ是諸文不_レ遑_二縷出_一。天台公正之大道如_レ斯。  李唐已後弘_二台敎_一之旨。於_二台衡之正宗_一其異。豈啻天  淵乎哉。來哲思_レ旃。 五時敎者。謂時之與_レ敎竝有_二橫竪_一。今且辨_二敎橫竪_一焉。 於_レ敎竪者。謂如來爲_レ使_下閻浮重障衆生。證_二 人無我_一。越_中 三有海_上。說_二 四眞諦_一。制_二 三學處_一。是名_二 三藏敎_一。人空智極淸 淨則。自入_二法空智_一。法無我敎名爲_二通敎_一。菩薩十住即當_二 是道_一。從_レ空出_レ假名爲_二別敎_一。十行十回向即當_二是道_一。此 位亦修_二次第三觀_一。入_二 中道第一義諦_一。是名_二圓敎_一。十地及 佛果。即爲_二此敎之原理_一。然則四敎。即如來藏心。出障顯 現之階漸也。若約_二橫義_一則。由_二 十因緣所成架生機類不_一_レ 同。敎自分_レ 四。從_レ凡至_レ聖。機敎調然。然竪義乃閻浮一化 【二十七頁上段】 之正軌。橫義乃盡法界普門應機之通宗也。所以三部之 中。橫竪兼明。究_二攝化迹_一。問。横判_二 四敎_一。人皆所_レ知。就_レ 竪判_レ 四。庸學驚_レ聞。請引_二祖說_一。以示_二明據_一。 答。祖文已 多。今出_二兩三_一焉。妙玄第八初云。初聞_二爲人對治_一。即能 起_レ行。初人天小行。次戒定慧。入_二無漏_一行_二見道修道_一。遂 證_二無學_一。從_レ小向_レ大。終_二于妙覺_一。又云。聞_二第一義悉檀_一。展 轉增廣。入_二於煗頂忍世第一_一。次入_二見道_一。得_二眞第一義_一。 次入_二修道_一。至_二無學位_一。從_レ小入_レ大。見_二似中道_一。起_レ自_二毫 末_一。終成_二合抱_一。又第十引_二大經五味譬_一。明_二漸修之道_一。云 云。又文句第三。釋_二令離諸著之文_一云。說_二散十善_一離_二 三途 著_一。說_二靜十善_一離_二欲界著_一。説_二 三藏_一離_二見思著_一。說_二菩薩法_一 離_二涅槃著_一。說_二佛法_一離_二順道法愛著_一。又文句二云。法王法 臣大事出世。巧用方便。先以_二半字法_一。破_二 二十五有之繁 芿_一。成_二 四枯雙樹_一。利_二益衆生_一。次用_二半滿法_一。破_二 二乘獨善_一。 成_二菩薩廣大四榮雙樹_一。利_二益聖人_一。後用_二常住滿字_一。破_二 二 邊之前後_一。成_二非枯非榮佛秘密藏究竟利益_一。云云。又第七 卷云。若世無_三 二乘得_二滅度_一者。何故如來說_二權敎_一。釋云。比 【二十七頁下段】 丘當_レ知。如來方便。深知_下衆生有_二小性欲_一著_二於五塵_一。弊_中 於五濁_上。故先說_レ 三。令_二破_レ弊免_一_レ難。後說_レ 一也。《割書:文》如_レ是諸 文不_レ遑_二縷出_一。今經迹門開顯。三車火宅喻。長者窮子喻。 化城喻髻珠喻。涅槃前分新醫舊醫譬。半字滿字譬。藥消 服乳譬等。竝皆顯_二漸入大乘之秘密_一。又大日經說。離_二緣 業生_一得_二大空生_一。故云_二大乘生_一。又十住心六無畏三劫等。 皆亦示_二漸入之秘趣_一。可_レ察。妙哉智者悟心之判釋。深究_二 敎海之源底_一。橫竪二門調然有_レ則。可_レ謂敎中之懿範者 矣。五時橫竪準_レ敎可_レ知。具如_二玄復眞懸譚明_一。  後之談_レ台者。偏約_二橫邊_一。以判_二時敎_一。妄誇_二耀圓妙_一。而  毀_二斥權小_一。此不_三翅違_二盭於天台所說_一。亦乃昧_二卻乎迦  文一化漸入上上法之玄猷_一。豈不_二洪歎_一哉。 三明_二曼荼羅宗_一者。略開_二 六門_一。一祖承。二依經。三敎旨。 四揀機。五階位。六修行。初祖承者。此宗相承凡有_二 二傳_一。 一傳云。毘盧舍那如來授_二之金剛薩埵_一。金剛薩埵授_二之龍 猛大士_一。龍猛授_二之龍智阿闍梨_一。龍智授_二之金剛智三藏_一。 金剛智授_二之不空三藏_一。不空授_二之惠果阿閻梨_一。是爲_二密

現代語訳

【二十六頁上段】 妙法蓮華でないものはない。煩悩境以下は、詳しくは摩訶止観に明かされている通りである。このような観行において、この生で銅輪初住位に入る者は、これを上成就とする。鉄輪十信位に至る者は、これを中成就と名づける。五品観行位に到る者は、これを下成就と名づける。三種成就に至らずとも、思所成慧によって、道理の如く一切法が即空仮中であることを理解し、遅疑を容れない者は、これを名字即と名づける(云云)。 所謂漸次止観とは、前は浅く後は深く、梯子を登るようなものである。実相は容易に入り難いことを知って、先ず帰戒を修し、邪を翻して正に向かい、世善を成就する。次に諸禅を修し、色界無色界に達する。次に無漏を修し、涅槃道に達する。次に慈悲を修し、菩薩道に達する。後に実相を修し、秘密蔵に達する。詳しくは禅波羅蜜に説かれる通りである。所謂不定止観とは、前は漸で後は頓、或いは理或いは事で、浅深を互いに修し、前後が一定しない。六妙門に明かされる通りである。 天台の判教の中で、大を以って小を斥け、円を以って偏を破るのは、皆道理によるものである。対待はただ判教の大きな枠組みに過ぎない。何となれば、界外教を以って界内教に対し、地上道を以って地前道に対し、無功用道を以って有功用道に対し、果分を以って因分に対すれば、上を貶し下を貶し、後を以って前を廃するのは、道理として当然である。もし機が教を威し、教が機に応ずることを論ずれば、十因縁によって成る衆生の機類は万差あり、大を稟けるのに適した者もあり、小を稟けるのに適した者もあり、円を稟けるのに適した者も 【二十六頁下段】 あり、偏を稟けるのに適した者もある。故に智者禅師は、法華を宗としながらも、教道門においては、広く諸教を申べ、権実を兼ね弘め、観行門においては三止観を開いて三機に投じた。病に応じて薬を授けるようなものである。妙玄に云く、今時の人の弘法は、或いは一向に大を用い、或いは一向に小を用い、皆仏意を得ていない。善く経を弘める者は、用いることを時に適わせ、口には権を説くといえども、内心は実法に違わない。ただ衆生をして権実七益を得しめるのみ、と。このような諸文を詳しく出すことはできない。天台の公正な大道はこのようなものである。李唐以後に台教を弘める旨は、台衡の正宗とその異なること、豈に天淵のみならんや。後学よ、これを思え。 五時教とは、謂く時と教とは並びに横竪がある。今は且つ教の横竪を弁じよう。教について竪とは、謂く如来が閻浮提の重障衆生をして、人無我を証し、三有海を越えしめんために、四真諦を説き、三学処を制したもの、これを三蔵教と名づける。人空智が極めて清浄になれば、自ら法空智に入る。法無我教を通教と名づける。菩薩の十住が即ちこの道に当たる。空から出て仮に入るのを別教と名づける。十行十回向が即ちこの道に当たる。この位もまた次第三観を修し、中道第一義諦に入る。これを円教と名づける。十地及び仏果が、即ちこの教の原理となる。然らば四教は、即ち如来蔵心が出障して顕現する階漸である。もし横義について言えば、十因縁によって成る衆生の機類が同じでないため、教が自ら四つに分かれる。凡から聖に至るまで、機教が調和している。しかるに竪義は乃ち閻浮提一化 【二十七頁上段】 の正軌である。横義は乃ち尽法界普門応機の通宗である。所以に三部の中で、横竪を兼ね明かし、攝化の迹を究める。問う、横に四教を判ずることは、人皆の知る所である。竪に四を判ずることについて、凡学は聞いて驚く。請う、祖説を引いて明証を示せ。答う、祖文は既に多い。今二三を出そう。妙玄第八の初に云く、初めて為人対治を聞いて、即ち能く行を起こす。初めは人天の小行、次に戒定慧で、無漏に入り見道修道を行じ、遂に無学を証する。小から大に向かい、終に妙覚に至る、と。また云く、第一義悉檀を聞いて、展転増広し、煖頂忍世第一に入り、次に見道に入って真の第一義を得、次に修道に入って無学位に至り、小から大に入って似中道を見、毫末より起こって終に合抱を成す、と。また第十では大経の五味譬を引いて、漸修の道を明かしている(云云)。また文句第三で、「諸著を離れしむ」の文を釈して云く、散の十善を説いて三途の著を離れ、静の十善を説いて欲界の著を離れ、三蔵を説いて見思の著を離れ、菩薩法を説いて涅槃の著を離れ、仏法を説いて順道法愛の著を離れる、と。また文句二に云く、法王法臣が大事のために世に出で、巧みに方便を用い、先ず半字法を以って二十五有の繁芿を破り、四枯双樹を成して衆生を利益し、次に半満法を用いて二乗の独善を破り、菩薩の広大四栄双樹を成して聖人を利益し、後に常住満字を用いて二辺の前後を破り、非枯非栄の仏秘密蔵究竟利益を成す(云云)、と。また第七巻に云く、もし世に二乗の滅度を得る者無くば、何故に如来は権教を説くのか。釈して云く、比 【二十七頁下段】 丘よ当に知るべし、如来の方便は、深く衆生に小性の欲があり五塵に著し、五濁に弊されることを知る。故に先ず三を説いて弊を破らしめ難を免れしめ、後に一を説くのである(文)、と。このような諸文を詳しく出すことはできない。今経の迹門開顕、三車火宅の譬、長者窮子の譬、化城の譬、髻珠の譬、涅槃前分の新医旧医の譬、半字満字の譬、薬消して乳を服む譬等は、並びに皆漸入大乗の秘密を顕している。また大日経に説く、「縁業生を離れて大空生を得る、故に大乗生と云う」と。また十住心・六無畏・三劫等も、皆また漸入の秘趣を示している。察すべきである。妙なるかな智者の悟心の判釈。深く教海の源底を究め、横竪二門が調然として則があり、教中の美しい範とすべき者と謂うべきである。五時の横竪も教に準じて知ることができる。詳しくは玄復真懸談に明かされている。 後に台を談ずる者は、偏に横辺について、時教を判じ、妄りに円妙を誇耀して権小を毀斥する。これは天台所説に違背するのみならず、また釈迦文一化漸入上上法の玄猷に昧却している。豈に大いに嘆かわしいことではないか。 三に曼荼羅宗を明かすとは、略して六門を開く。一祖承、二依経、三教旨、四揀機、五階位、六修行である。初の祖承とは、この宗の相承には凡そ二伝がある。一伝に云く、毘盧舎那如来がこれを金剛薩埵に授け、金剛薩埵がこれを龍猛大士に授け、龍猛が龍智阿闍梨に授け、龍智が金剛智三蔵に授け、金剛智が不空三蔵に授け、不空が恵果阿闍梨に授けた。これが密

英語訳

【Twenty-sixth Page Upper Section】 are nothing but the Wonderful Dharma Lotus. The affliction objects and below are fully clarified in the Mahā Śamatha-Vipaśyanā as described. In such contemplative practice, those who enter the copper wheel initial abiding stage in this lifetime represent superior accomplishment. Those who reach the iron wheel ten faith stages are called intermediate accomplishment. Those who arrive at the five ranks of contemplative practice stage are called inferior accomplishment. Even without reaching these three types of accomplishment, those who through wisdom achieved through reflection understand according to principle that all dharmas are immediately empty, provisional, and middle, without harboring doubt, are called nominal identity (etc.). So-called gradual śamatha-vipaśyanā proceeds from shallow to deep, like climbing a ladder. Knowing that true characteristics are difficult to enter easily, one first cultivates refuge and precepts, turning from wrong toward right, accomplishing worldly goodness. Next cultivating various meditations, one penetrates the form and formless realms. Next cultivating the untainted, one penetrates the nirvana path. Next cultivating compassion, one penetrates the bodhisattva path. Finally cultivating true characteristics, one penetrates the secret treasury. This is fully explained in the Dhyāna Pāramitā. So-called indeterminate śamatha-vipaśyanā alternates between gradual and sudden, principle and phenomena, mutually cultivating shallow and deep without fixed sequence, as clarified in the Six Wonderful Gates. In Tiantai's doctrinal classification, using the great to censure the small and using the perfect to break the partial all proceed according to principle. Dialectical opposition is merely the grand framework of doctrinal classification. Why? When界外 teachings are set against 界内 teachings, post-ground paths against pre-ground paths, effortless paths against effortful paths, and fruition aspects against causal aspects, then disparaging the superior and inferior, abandoning the former through the latter, is naturally reasonable. If we discuss how capacities influence teachings and teachings respond to capacities, then the myriad differences in sentient beings' capacity types formed through ten causes and conditions mean some are suitable for receiving the great, some suitable for receiving the small, some suitable for receiving the perfect, 【Twenty-sixth Page Lower Section】 and some suitable for receiving the partial. Therefore Master Zhizhe, while taking the Lotus as his foundation, broadly expounded various teachings in the teaching path gate, promoting both provisional and real together, and opened three śamatha-vipaśyanās in the contemplative practice gate to address three capacities. This is like prescribing medicine according to illness. The Profound Meaning states: "People today who propagate the Dharma either use only the great or only the small—all fail to grasp the Buddha's intent. Those who skillfully propagate the sutras adapt their application to the times. Though their mouths speak the provisional, their inner minds do not violate the real Dharma. They simply enable sentient beings to gain the seven benefits of provisional and real." Such passages are too numerous to detail fully. Tiantai's impartial great path is like this. The purpose of promoting Tiantai teachings after the Tang dynasty differs from the orthodox lineage of Tiantai and Hengshan—is it not like the difference between heaven and abyss? Future scholars should reflect on this. The five periods and teachings mean that both periods and teachings have horizontal and vertical aspects. Now we briefly explain the horizontal and vertical aspects of teachings. Regarding the vertical aspect of teachings: the Tathāgata, to enable the heavily obstructed sentient beings of Jambudvīpa to realize person-selflessness and transcend the ocean of the three existences, expounded the four noble truths and established the three training grounds—this is called the Tripitaka teaching. When person-emptiness wisdom becomes extremely pure, one naturally enters dharma-emptiness wisdom. The dharma-selflessness teaching is called the Shared teaching. The bodhisattva's ten abidings correspond to this path. Emerging from emptiness into the provisional is called the Distinct teaching. The ten practices and ten dedications correspond to this path. This stage also cultivates the sequential three contemplations and enters the middle way ultimate truth. This is called the Perfect teaching. The ten grounds and Buddhahood become the fundamental principle of this teaching. Thus the four teachings are the gradual stages by which the tathāgatagarbha mind emerges from obstructions and manifests. Speaking of the horizontal meaning, because the capacity types of sentient beings formed through ten causes and conditions are not uniform, teachings naturally divide into four. From ordinary beings to sages, capacities and teachings harmonize. However, the vertical meaning is the correct track of the single transformation in Jambudvīpa. 【Twenty-seventh Page Upper Section】 The horizontal meaning is the universal principle of responding to capacities through all dharma-realm universal gates. Therefore in the three major works, both horizontal and vertical are clarified together, fully investigating the traces of guidance and transformation. Question: Horizontally judging the four teachings is known by all. Regarding vertical judgment of the four, ordinary students are surprised to hear this. Please cite ancestral explanations to show clear evidence. Answer: Ancestral texts are already numerous. Now I present two or three examples. The Profound Meaning, fascicle eight, begins: "Initially hearing adaptation to persons and counteractive treatments, one can immediately arouse practice. First the small practices of human and heavenly realms, then morality, concentration, and wisdom, entering untainted practice of the path of seeing and path of cultivation, finally proving the stage beyond learning. From small toward great, ending in marvelous enlightenment." It also states: "Hearing the ultimate meaning siddhānta, progressively expanding broadly, entering the warmth, peak, patience, and supreme worldly dharmas, next entering the path of seeing, attaining true ultimate meaning, next entering the path of cultivation, reaching the stage beyond learning, from small entering great, seeing the semblance middle way, beginning from a hair's tip, finally achieving an armful." Fascicle ten cites the five flavors analogy from the Great Nirvana Sutra to clarify the gradual cultivation path (etc.). Also, the Textual Commentary, fascicle three, explaining the passage on "causing departure from all attachments," states: "Expounding scattered ten virtues to leave attachment to the three evil paths, expounding calm ten virtues to leave attachment to the desire realm, expounding the Tripitaka to leave attachment to view-delusions and thought-delusions, expounding bodhisattva dharma to leave attachment to nirvana, expounding Buddha dharma to leave attachment to dharma-love that accords with the path." The Textual Commentary, fascicle two, states: "The dharma king and dharma ministers emerge in the world for great purposes, skillfully employing expedients. First using half-word dharma to break the luxuriant growth of the twenty-five existences, forming the four withered twin trees to benefit sentient beings. Next using half-complete dharma to break the two vehicles' individual goodness, forming the bodhisattva's vast four flourishing twin trees to benefit sages. Finally using eternally abiding complete words to break the two extremes of before and after, forming the neither-withered-nor-flourishing Buddha secret treasury ultimate benefit" (etc.). Fascicle seven states: "If there were no two-vehicle practitioners attaining cessation in the world, why would the Tathāgata expound provisional teachings?" The explanation states: "Monks should know that the Tathāgata's expedients 【Twenty-seventh Page Lower Section】 deeply understand that sentient beings have lesser natures and desires, are attached to the five dusts, and are corrupted by the five turbidities. Therefore he first expounded the three to enable them to break corruption and escape difficulties, then expounded the one" (text). Such passages are too numerous to detail fully. In the present sutra's trace gate revelation, the three carts burning house analogy, the elder and poor son analogy, the conjured city analogy, the jewel in the topknot analogy, the former section of the Nirvana Sutra's new doctor old doctor analogy, the half-word complete-word analogy, the medicine dissolved take milk analogy, etc., all reveal the secrets of gradual entry into the Mahāyāna. Also the Mahāvairocana Sutra states: "Leaving causally conditioned arising, one attains great emptiness arising, therefore called Mahāyāna arising." Also the ten mind-grounds, six fearlessnesses, three great kalpas, etc., all likewise demonstrate the secret essence of gradual entry. This should be examined. How wonderful is Zhizhe's judgment and interpretation through awakened mind! Deeply investigating the source and bottom of the teaching ocean, the two gates of horizontal and vertical have harmonious principles. This can be called the excellent standard within teachings. The horizontal and vertical aspects of the five periods can be understood by analogy with teachings. This is fully clarified in the Profound Restoration True Suspended Discussion. Later discussants of Tiantai partially focus on the horizontal aspect to judge periods and teachings, falsely boasting of perfect subtlety while disparaging provisional and small teachings. This not only violates what Tiantai taught but also obscures the profound plan of Śākyamuni's single transformation of gradual entry into the supreme Dharma. Is this not greatly lamentable? Third, clarifying the maṇḍala school involves briefly opening six gates: first, patriarchal transmission; second, scriptural basis; third, doctrinal purport; fourth, selecting capacities; fifth, stages and positions; sixth, cultivation. First, patriarchal transmission: this school's lineage transmission generally has two versions. One transmission states: Vairocana Tathāgata transmitted it to Vajrasattva, Vajrasattva transmitted it to the great master Nāgārjuna, Nāgārjuna transmitted it to Ācārya Nāgabodhi, Nāgabodhi transmitted it to Vajrabodhi Tripiṭaka, Vajrabodhi transmitted it to Amoghavajra Tripiṭaka, Amoghavajra transmitted it to Ācārya Huiguo. This is the esoteric