英語訳
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Eighteen
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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror - Various Vehicles Chapter
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Eighteen
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It is called "expedient." This does not mean eliminating names in the great essence to make it expedient. Among the four, the Great Vehicle, corresponding to great spiritual capacity, is the same as the other three vehicles - because there are corresponding vessels, the four are named "real." Question: The four should correspond to the fixed four and be named "real" according to their vessels. The one corresponds to the indeterminate, so following nature it should not be expedient. Answer: Looking toward one's own indeterminate, this is real, not expedient. In contrast to the four fixed natures, it is expedient, not real. Therefore, the Lotus one vehicle is other-dependent speech, while the Śrīmālā one vehicle is self-dependent speech - only the comparative perspectives differ, and they do not contradict each other. This concludes the first pair of other-speech and self-speech.
The text "Moreover, in the Lotus assembly... therefore it is real" - This is the second pair of inclusion and generation. In the Lotus Sūtra, breaking the two to enter the one, it says "Your practices are the bodhisattva path." Speaking of the nine-division dharma entering the Great Vehicle fundamentally means complete inclusion. Having only this meaning and lacking the meaning of generation, it is said that essence and function are narrow. The Śrīmālā Sūtra says: "Mahāyāna generates all śrāvakas, pratyekabuddhas, and worldly and transcendent good dharmas, like the Anavatapta Lake generating eight great rivers, and like all seeds depending on earth to achieve growth. Thus all good dharmas of śrāvakas, etc., depend on the Great Vehicle to achieve increase." These various texts explain the meaning of generation. It also says: "Śrāvakas and pratyekabuddhas all enter the Great Vehicle. The Great Vehicle is the Buddha Vehicle," etc. This text explains the meaning of inclusion. Because both meanings are complete, the Śrīmālā one vehicle has the broadest essence and function. Question: If that principle becomes a vehicle, how is it generation? Answer: Like the twelve-division teachings depending on the equal flow of the dharmadhātu, naming dependence as generation - this is also similar.
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As explained in the Compendium commentary.
The text "The Lotus one vehicle... therefore it is real" - This is the third pair of having nature and lacking nature. In the Lotus Sūtra, those who receive prophecy - the four great śrāvakas, etc. - are all the three rounds of those with [Buddha-]nature. Within the one vehicle there is no text of fixed-nature, natureless beings, etc., receiving prophecy. Therefore it says "only discussing those with nature as the basis." In the Śrīmālā Sūtra, raising four similes, it explains four vehicle-natures. According to one interpretation, the ocean simile represents the endless saṃsāra of icchantikas, which is what that sūtra calls "unlearned, non-dharmic beings." Now revealing that nature, it says "also discussing the natureless as basis."
The text "Moreover, the Lotus only... because it is suitable to hear" - This is the fourth pair of indeterminate and determinate. Within the ten meanings, attracting one category and supporting the remainder are all indeterminate natures. Because the Lotus one vehicle mostly aims to attract these two spiritual capacities, it says "only discussing indeterminate nature." In the Śrīmālā Sūtra, it manifests both existence and non-existence, using the universal to follow the particular, implicitly explaining the indeterminate. Therefore it says "also discussing determinate seed-nature."
The text "The Lotus clearly... both types are exhausted" - This is the fifth pair of wisdom and true principle. In the Lotus Sūtra, wisdom is mostly taken as the one vehicle essence. Though it implicitly explains true principle in small portions, it is not clear. Mostly explaining wisdom has only the meaning of inclusion without the meaning of generation. In the Śrīmālā Sūtra, true principle is taken as the one vehicle essence, not explaining wisdom. Within that true principle, both meanings are complete. Therefore it says "inclusion and generation, both types are exhausted."
The text "Though Buddha-fruit nirvāṇa... explaining one vehicle" - This is the sixth pair of manifest and implicit.
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Nineteen
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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror - Various Vehicles Chapter
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Nineteen
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Investigating principle thoroughly, though Buddha-fruit principle and wisdom are both one vehicle, the two sūtras' explanations differ in manifestation and implicitness. In the Śrīmālā assembly, properly addressing great spiritual capacity without crossing over four vehicles, explaining the principle one vehicle, therefore manifest. In the Lotus Sūtra, addressing indeterminate capacity, implicitly crossing over two vehicles to explain the wisdom one vehicle, therefore implicit. Based on the above six pairs, the Compilation criticizes: If Śrīmālā takes four vehicles as real, why does it say "regarding the two fruition extremes, the four wisdoms' ultimacy, etc., are Buddha's incomplete, non-definitive explanations"? Also, if the Lotus does not explain generation, why does the sūtra say "within one Buddha Vehicle, distinctly explaining three"? Also, if the Lotus Sūtra only explains those with nature, why do the three herbs and two trees all receive moisture? Also, if the Lotus only explains wisdom, why does the sūtra say "this dharma abides in dharma," etc.? If the text is already thus, by what do we prove that the Lotus partially explains only wisdom and is incomplete explanation? Now examining the two sūtras closely, though the texts are extensive or brief, the meanings are manifest and implicit - one should investigate well and not rashly make determinations. Now rescuing this: When the Śrīmālā Sūtra says "the four wisdoms' ultimacy, etc., are incomplete explanations," this refers to other sūtras' intent, not Śrīmālā itself. Because it explains the two vehicles as expedient, taking four vehicles as real does not violate principle. Also, when the Lotus says "within one Buddha Vehicle, distinctly explaining three," this is not the meaning of generation. Like all seeds depending on earth to achieve growth, thus all good dharmas of śrāvakas, etc., depend on the seed-principle Great Vehicle to achieve increase - these are named the meaning of generation. "Explaining three within one," etc., shows that the three vehicle causes, looking toward one ultimate fruit, are all one expedient, not meaning two causes are generated from one. Therefore the Lotus one vehicle
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has only inclusion and lacks the meaning of generation. Also, that the three herbs and two trees all receive moisture - the Lotus fundamentally aims at indeterminate śrāvakas, therefore explaining one reality. Only through causal transformation and refutation, it explains the three herbs simile, but this is not the fundamental intent. Now based on the fundamental intent, it only discusses those with nature as basis, therefore no contradiction. Also, that the Lotus only explains wisdom, etc. - the chapter text already says "manifestly taking wisdom as one vehicle, implicitly explaining suchness." Who would say it doesn't explain true principle? However, the fundamental intent of establishing teachings is to attract indeterminate capacity and make them aspire to seek wisdom. Now based on the fundamental intent, this is the delimitation of judging teachings, therefore no contradiction.
The text "Generally explaining śrāvakas... not violating other teachings" - This explains that the Lotus one vehicle is implicit explanation. Within this, "generally explaining śrāvakas... then making two prophecies" - this explains implicitly explaining one vehicle. "Based on such principle" below generally concludes the above-explained various assembly teaching intentions. According to the Lotus Commentary, it only addresses two types (responsive transformation and indeterminate) because their roots are already mature, therefore Buddha personally grants prophecy. The determinate and arrogant are not yet mature, therefore Buddha does not personally give prophecy. If regarding the present assembly, initially there were three, only excluding those tending toward extinction. After the three requests, the arrogantly proud withdrew, only making prophecy for two. Why do the arrogantly proud withdraw? As the sūtra says, "they departed due to Buddha's awesome virtue." The commentary sūtra says: "When wind arises, dust and sand naturally fly; when sun emerges, white and black naturally separate. This means dismissing without dismissing." Since extinction-bound śrāvakas do not achieve Buddhahood, we know that only explaining one vehicle is implicit explanation. The Compilation says: "The Lotus one vehicle comprehensively addresses the four types of determinate and arrogant, and though their roots are immature, later bodhisattvas grant expedients to make them generate bodhi-mind" - this is incorrect.