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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror - Two Truths Chapter
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and other dharmas. Therefore called "following phenomena." Since aggregates, etc. are not one, they are called "distinctions." Also called expedient established truth, also called attained established truth. Suffering, origination, etc., because they are established through attaining principle. Now saying "expedient established" means: worldly scholars expediently cultivate and learn, eliminating evil and striving for good, attaining sacred fruition. Therefore called "expedient established." Also called provisional non-established truth refers to: the principle of two emptinesses depends on the gate of provisional emptiness and is explained as true nature. Since that true nature is the object realm of inner realization wisdom, it cannot be expressed in language. It is called "two emptinesses suchness," but is only provisionally posited. Therefore called "provisional non-established truth."
Regarding "The *Manifest Treatise* explains... to provisional designation": This raises a question based on the text from *Manifest* Volume 6. That is, arising discussion from treatise, explaining the meaning of establishment. The meaning of this question is: The *Manifest Treatise* says "the four kinds of conventional truths are all established." Explaining the first three conventional truths as established, their meaning can be understood. Why is the fourth, the two emptinesses suchness, also called conventional establishment? "The nature of ultimate truth is inner realization, etc." below quotes text to answer. This is treatise text. "The first three kinds" below is the chapter master's text. The meaning of this answer shows that the perfected nature cannot be established. It is inner realization, only manifested by two emptinesses. There is no separate establishment as existent or non-existent, both existent and non-existent, neither existent nor non-existent, mind and mental factors, form and sound dharmas. Only buddhas and bodhisattvas, using their own realization, cause sentient beings to generate wisdom realizing that suchness, therefore depending on conventional truth for provisional establishment. Therefore called "established."
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Regarding "Four ultimate truths... established ultimate": "Also called substance-function manifestation truth" refers to: aggregates, elements, etc. have substantial nature, surpassing the first conventional, therefore called "ultimate." Following phenomena distinctions, explained as aggregates, etc., therefore called "manifestation." "Also called cause-effect distinction truth" refers to: the distinctions of knowing, abandoning, realizing, cultivating causes and effects of suffering, origination, etc. surpass conventional principles, therefore called "ultimate." "Also called depending-on-gate manifesting-reality truth" refers to: the principle of two emptinesses surpasses conventional realization, therefore called "ultimate." Depending on emptiness-realization to manifest reality, therefore called "depending-on-gate." "Also called abandoning-explanation discussing-purport truth" refers to: the substance of one reality, one suchness is subtle and transcends words, therefore called "ultimate." Surpassing conventional ultimate, again called "ultimate." Among the four ultimates, the first three are called "established ultimate," which are the same as the latter three conventionals. The fourth kind is non-established ultimate, therefore *Manifest* saying "non-established reality" refers to the suchness true nature of all dharmas. Question: Are these two truths empty or existent? Explanation: Within Mahāyāna, two schools differ. First is the school of ultimate complete emptiness, namely Bhāvaviveka, etc. They illuminate empty-explaining scriptures as definitive meaning explanations. All dharmas can exist conventionally, but are all empty ultimately. Second is the reasonable perfect reality school, namely Dharmapāla, etc. They propagate the *Avataṃsaka*, *Profound Secret*, etc. scriptures. Though explaining two truths, following what is appropriate, they possess existence and emptiness, principle is perfectly subtle without lack, truly excellent. Confusion about emptiness and existence meaning is as in *Consciousness-Only Commentary*. Now preserving the second school, we present the meaning of two truths.
Regarding "Later explaining names... called hidden-manifest truth": "World means concealment, etc." - Ximming's explanation: World means concealment meaning, conventional means coarse-manifest meaning. Jars, clothing, etc. are worldly coarse manifest things that conceal ultimate
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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror - Two Truths Chapter
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meaning, therefore called "conventional." The wording is slightly different, but the meaning has no distinction. "Like tying a handkerchief, etc." - the original handkerchief is a metaphor for emptiness. The rabbit form appearing is a metaphor for conventional existence. On the handkerchief there is originally no rabbit form, but through the conditions of hands, etc., the rabbit form manifests. On empty principle there are originally no forms, etc., but through the meeting of four conditions, form-characteristics manifest. Therefore using this metaphor.
Regarding "Again nature falls... dependent-head explanation": This second meaning - Master Yuan says: "World is called time, phenomenal characteristics dharmas' arising and ceasing are in time. Discussing dharmas in relation to time, therefore called world-truth." Now saying "nature falls arising-cessation, etc." - the meaning is also similar. That is, carrying the four characteristics, arising and ceasing moment by moment, therefore called "nature falls arising-cessation." "Existence is truly existent, etc." - the first level of conventional truth is called non-existence, the latter three levels of conventional are called existence. These existences and non-existences each abide in their own nature, what is explained is not false, therefore called truth. Question: True substance is real substance, so it can be called truth, but conventional is false - how can it be called truth? Explanation: Calling conventional "false" is in relation to truth to distinguish meaning. However, regarding worldly dharmas, those phenomena are not non-existent. Therefore can be called truth.
Regarding "Superior means excellent... reality communicates dependent-agent": "Object realm name meaning, etc." - the meaning of object realm communicates to both dependent-head and possessive explanations. The meaning of principle is only intrinsic-activity meaning. Most treatises explain the fourth ultimate as "superior is meaning" - Ximming says: "Or again, meaning refers to beneficial meaning. Nirvana fruition is superior, beneficial meaning is called ultimate meaning. This is intrinsic-activity explanation among the six explanations." Now it is not so. Regarding principle meaning, clarifying intrinsic-activity meaning. "Or the four ultimates are all superior's, etc." - superior refers to superior
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wisdom, meaning refers to object meaning. Communicating to two wisdoms, all called "superior wisdom." The four kinds of ultimate meaning, following what is appropriate, are objects of two wisdoms. That is, superior's meaning, therefore dependent-head explanation.
Regarding "That undefiled wisdom... object realm name meaning": "Following whatever truth it is in" - speaking about the four ultimate truths, undefiled wisdom going through the four levels are all possessive explanations. "Abandoning explanation discussing purport is not object realm because" - Question: *Yogācāra* 72 says: "Question: How are the five phenomena and four conditions mutually inclusive? Answer: Characteristics are included in all conditions, names are included in immediately-preceding conditions, discrimination and correct wisdom are included in four conditions, suchness is included only in object-condition." Since it says "suchness is included only in object-condition," how can it now say "abandoning explanation discussing purport is not object"? Explanation: Suchness is not the object of discriminating mind, therefore called "not object realm." This does not mean it is not the object realm of correct wisdom. Therefore there is no contradiction.
Regarding "Truth means reality meaning... calling it truth": "Reality meaning, etc." - if following *Yogācāra* 55's explanation, truth has two meanings. First, like the explained characteristics, non-separate meaning. Second, by contemplating this, one arrives at the ultimate. Therefore called truth. Explanation: Explaining suffering characteristics, it is truly real suffering, cannot be made pleasant. Up to the path of extinguishing suffering is truly real path, cannot make that suffering into non-suffering, up to making path into non-path. This is called "non-separate." Saying "non-separate" is reality meaning. Reality meaning is called truth. "By contemplating this, etc." - this can generate non-inverted awareness, called "truth meaning." By abandoning inversion, one finally reaches the ultimate. This is truth meaning. Question: If truth is the meaning of reality, why can both ultimate and conventional be called truth, but cannot both be called ultimate truth? Explanation