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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror - Two Truths Chapter
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Explanation: These two truths are explained based on meaning-gates, therefore they are commonly called "truth." To distinguish ultimate and conventional, conventional truth cannot be called "ultimate." If one were to consider within the ultimate truth gate that all dharmas are both principle and phenomena called ultimate, therefore in the *Grounds* text, the two natures of phenomena and reality are equally called "ultimate reality." Now based on meaning-gates, both are called "truth." "Phenomena are truly phenomena, etc." - among the four ultimate levels, the first is called "phenomena." The dharmas of the three divisions are phenomena because their various substances are phenomena. The latter three are called "principle" because they are sequentially the principles of four truths, two emptinesses, and one true reality. Regarding "Though there is no teaching, the two kinds can also be called noble truths" - *Nirvāṇa* Chapter 13 says: "Good man, knowing the noble truths has two kinds of wisdom: one middle, one superior," extensively explained. Also in the *Śrīmālā Sūtra*, it explains "innumerable noble truths, innumerable noble truths chapter." The text is already clear. How can it now say "though there is no teaching"? Explanation: In various sacred teachings, they generally speak of "noble truths" but do not explain "two noble truths, etc." Since they say "two," it is not fabrication.
Regarding "Next explaining individual names... called conventional": "All ordinary beings consider as existent, etc." - though dharma-substances are not necessarily existent, all worldly beings commonly speak of and grasp them as existent. Namely real self-dharmas, jars, bowls, etc. Next "conventional reasoning, etc." refers to reasoning explained by worldly sentient beings who have investigation and analysis, where substance and function both exist - namely aggregates, sense-fields, elements, conditioned and unconditioned dharmas.
Regarding "Attained conventional... all intrinsic-activity explanations": "Attained conventional, etc." - worldly scholars expediently cultivate and learn, eliminating evil and striving for good, attaining sacred fruition. For this they provisionally establish the distinctions of defiled and pure causes and effects like suffering, etc., causing their entry. Therefore called "attained." Namely the four truths principles, etc. Next "ultimate
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conventional, etc." - worldly scholars, having completed cultivation and learning, take this excellent subtlety as the object of realization. These realizations excellently transcend various dharmas; what the noble ones know is called "ultimate." Namely two-emptiness suchness.
Regarding "Worldly ultimate... called ultimate": "First worldly ultimate, etc." - various learners speak of in the world and consider as existent, namely aggregates, sense-fields, elements, etc. These aggregates, etc. are coarse and manifest phenomena that can still be destroyed, called "worldly." They are also known by subsequently-attained noble wisdom, surpassing the first conventional, therefore called "ultimate." Next "reasoning ultimate, etc." - namely the reasoning commonly established by various scholars. Four truths principles, etc.: knowing suffering, abandoning origination, realizing cessation, cultivating the path, samsara and nirvana, cause and effect distinctions. This is called "reasoning." Among these four truths, their nature and principle are objects of direct wisdom; their characteristics and phenomena are objects of subsequent wisdom. Now generally showing both, therefore saying "undefiled wisdom objects surpassing the former two conventionals."
Regarding "Attained ultimate... again called ultimate": "First attained ultimate, etc." - various learners can realize sacred fruition through this expedient, therefore called "first attained ultimate." Namely two-emptiness suchness. Next "ultimate ultimate" - various learners, having completed cultivation and learning, take this profound subtlety as the object of realization. These realizations have substance so subtle it is difficult to express, therefore called "ultimate." Being inner realization of noble wisdom, surpassing the former four conventionals, again called "ultimate." Namely abandoning explanation discussing purport, one true dharma-realm, non-established suchness.
Regarding "Among these worldly... dependent-agent without error": "Or ultimate's truth dependent-agent without error" - if speaking completely, or worldly ultimate, up to ultimate's ultimate, saying dependent-agent is also
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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror - Two Truths Chapter
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without error. Now following this text, among the former four conventionals, one can also say "or worldly conventional, up to ultimate conventional, dependent-agent is also without error." It's just that the text is abbreviated. Now these two truths both penetrate persons and dharmas. What middle wisdom knows is called "conventional truth"; what superior wisdom knows is called "ultimate truth." Also inferior reasoning is called "conventional truth"; superior excellent reasoning is called "ultimate truth." Based on person-dharma reasoning, shallow-deep wisdom objects coarse-subtle, distinctions are made. Therefore the two truths each have four levels. These two truths encompass all dharmas completely. Question: The *Original Karma Necklace Sutra* explains having three truths: first existent truth, second non-existent truth, third ultimate meaning truth. If so, there should be twelve levels, since three each have four. Explanation: This has two meanings. First, various sentient beings hearing Buddha's explanation, taking meaning as spoken, considering there are two truths. Taking meaning as spoken, there is nothing whatsoever. To eliminate that sickness, therefore additionally explaining the first truth as the third truth. What they conceive as two is precisely discriminated attachment, therefore included in conventional truth. Second, because of the meaning of nature-characteristics, previously explaining two truths - though meaning-gates differ, substance is neither one nor different. Therefore explaining non-duality as ultimate meaning. Question: If two truths encompass all dharmas completely, why does the *Humane Kings Sutra* say "transcending worldly truth and ultimate truth as the eleventh ground, omniscience called awakening"? Also *Original Karma* says: "Does Buddha exist independently beyond the two truths in non-duality?" Explanation: Transcending beyond the two truths known by tenth-ground bodhisattvas, independently existing in non-duality is called the eleventh ground. However, regarding Buddha-wisdom, it naturally distinguishes two truths. Therefore there is no contradiction.
Regarding "Next presenting truth-substance... wheels etc. have no substance": This presents the first worldly conventional substance.
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"*Manifest Treatise* explains, etc." - this is *Manifest* Volume 6 text. "Or having no real substance, etc." below is the chapter master's explanatory text. *Manifest* Volume 6 says: "Worldly conventional refers to establishing fields, houses, jars, bowls, armies, forests, numbers, etc., and establishing self, sentient beings, etc." Explanation: Such dharmas are commonly accepted by the world, therefore called "worldly conventional." Jars, armies, forests, etc., though having no real substance, have provisional function, therefore saying "or having no real substance." Self, sentient beings, etc., not only have no function but also no real substance. Therefore saying "or substance is truly non-existent." "Only sentient being names, etc." - having names without reality is conventional, like jars, clothes, etc. Having names with reality is ultimate, like forms, fragrances, etc. Question: If armies, forests, etc. are also called conventional truth, why does *Yogācāra* 52 say "matters like food, vehicles, armies, forests have nothing whatsoever, neither included in conditioned nor unconditioned"? Explanation: When 52 says "not included in conditioned or unconditioned," it clarifies inclusion regarding substance. Dharmas like armies, forests have no separate conditioned or unconditioned substance. Therefore saying "nothing whatsoever." The two truths gate, speaking based on meaning-gates, is therefore included in conventional. The five worldly dharmas are: first name-world, second sentence-world, third binding-world, fourth dharma-world, fifth attachment-world, as extensively explained below. "Sentient beings etc. without function" - not only without substance but also without provisional function. This regards real self. If conventional self, then included in other-dependent and not without provisional function. "Fire wheels etc. without substance" - having slight illuminating function but no real substance. Therefore saying "without substance." Question: *Manifest* Volume 6 says: "Discriminated attachment can perform five functions: first, can generate other-dependent nature; second, within this arises various expressions; third, can generate sentient being attachment; fourth, can generate dharma attachment; fifth, can absorb the two attachments' habitual tendencies and coarseness." Since there are capable