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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror - Two Truths Chapter
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functions," how can it now say "sentient beings etc. are without function"? Explanation: Master Xing says: "Discriminated attachment nature together with other-dependent nature serves as object-condition, causing successful arising." Another explanation: accomplishing meaning is called "arising." Through self-dharma objects, other-dependent mental factors accomplish delusion. Therefore now saying "self etc. are without function" has somewhat different meaning. Discriminated attachment is not the same as jars etc. having functional dharmas. Therefore saying "without function" does not refer to karmic function. Therefore there is no contradiction. This meaning should be contemplated.
Regarding "Second conventional... different from first conventional": This presents the second reasoning conventional truth. "Established aggregates, sense-fields, elements, etc." refers to provisionally establishing the five aggregates, twelve sense-fields, eighteen elements, twelve dependent origination, twenty-two faculties, etc. Because they are established in accordance with principle, they are called "reasoning." "*Nirvāṇa* also says, etc." refers to Chapter 13 text. These are the *Nirvāṇa Sūtra* passages quoted below, all from the same fascicle. "Namely conditioned and unconditioned dharma substances and phenomena, etc." - among the three divisions, the five aggregates are only conditioned, not extending to unconditioned. Within sense-fields and elements gates, dharma sense-field and dharma-element are partially unconditioned, the rest are all conditioned. These conditioned and unconditioned dharmas serve as the second reasoning conventional substance. "Having distinct substance and function, different from first conventional" clarifies the meaning of shallow-deep and superior-inferior. Compared to first conventional, it is deep and superior; having substance, it is included in the second.
Regarding "Third conventional... called conventional": This presents the third attained conventional truth. *Manifest* Volume 6 says: "Attained conventional refers to establishing stream-enterer fruition etc., and establishing the four śramaṇa fruitions and the four truths." Therefore called "attained conventional." "Basis" refers to four truths principle. One explanation says the maturation body is the basis for both conditioned and unconditioned fruitions, the body of dependence. Because it abides through the four foods, it is therefore called "their basis." To say these are established therefore called "established" is incorrect, as it contradicts *Yogācāra* which explains four truths principle as attained conventional. "Eight suffering characteristics called worldly truth" are: birth suffering, aging suffering, sickness suffering, death suffering, separation from loved ones suffering, meeting with hateful ones suffering, not obtaining what is sought suffering, five flourishing aggregates suffering. The questions and answers on how three sufferings and eight sufferings are included are added from commentary records and other separate extracts.
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Regarding "Fourth conventional... established with characteristics": *Yogācāra* 64 says: "Moreover, establishment briefly has four kinds, namely as previously explained: three kinds of conventional and establishing ultimate." *Manifest* is also the same. Explanation: Ultimate truth nature cannot be established because it is inner realization. Only Buddhas and bodhisattvas, with their own realizations, lead sentient beings to attain that true-suchness wisdom. Therefore they provisionally establish based on conventional truth, hence called "established." As previously explained. *Nirvāṇa* 13 says: "If burning, if cutting, if death, if destruction - this is called worldly truth. No burning, no cutting, no death, no destruction - this is called ultimate truth." Explanation: What can be burned, cut, etc. is called worldly truth. Right here below, the two selflessness meanings are called fourth conventional. No burning, cutting, etc. are called fourth ultimate. Two-emptiness true-suchness, though without burning and cutting, is manifested through verbal expression, therefore the name "no burning" exists only in the fourth abandoning-expression discussing-purport. Therefore in the next passage below, explaining the fourth ultimate substance, the cited text says "no burning, cutting, etc. called ultimate meaning" does not depend on selflessness to manifest truth. From this we clearly know the names "no burning, etc." exist only in the fourth. This meaning is mysteriously profound. Scholars should contemplate. The latter three conventional truths having characteristics
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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror - Two Truths Chapter
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establishment: Though the fourth conventional truth is without characteristics, it is manifested only through verbal expression. Therefore called "having characteristics."
Regarding "First ultimate... ultimate truth": In the first worldly ultimate truth, the reason aggregates etc. are called ultimate is that they have distinct substance and function, superior to first conventional, therefore called "ultimate." "Having names and reality, etc." - having names without reality is conventional, like jars, clothes, etc. Having names with reality is ultimate, like forms, fragrances, etc. Namely aggregates, sense-fields, etc. are also ultimate. In the second reasoning ultimate substance, the four truths are next deeper, superior to second reasoning conventional. Therefore called "ultimate." Regarding "suffering, origination, cessation, path, etc.," *Nirvāṇa* 13 says: "These four noble truths, all Buddha world-honored ones explain in sequence. Through this causation, innumerable sentient beings attain crossing over birth and death." Explanation: Sequential explanation has many kinds of sequence. First is arising sequence, like the nine sequential concentrations, etc. Second is explanatory sequence, like the four right efforts, etc. Third is seeing sequence, like explaining the four truths. If cause-effect sequence, then first origination, then suffering; first path, then cessation. Now following seeing sequence, therefore first suffering then origination, first cessation then path. Becoming disgusted with effects and severing causes, delighting in effects and cultivating causes. Causes are obscure and difficult to understand; effects are manifest and easy to know. Easy comes first, difficult comes after. When all Buddha world-honored ones create this sequence in explanation, innumerable sentient beings attain crossing over birth and death.
Regarding "Third ultimate... called ultimate": In the third attained ultimate, two-emptiness true-suchness is next deeper, superior to the previous third attained conventional. Therefore called "attained ultimate." Namely *Consciousness-Only* Volume 9 says: "Third attained ultimate refers to two-emptiness true-suchness." Now taking the meaning and quoting, therefore saying "manifesting two-emptiness true-suchness through verbal expression gates." *Nirvāṇa* 13 says: "No birth, no aging, no sickness,
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no death, no separation from loved ones, no meeting with hateful ones, no not obtaining what is sought, no five flourishing aggregates - this is called ultimate truth." Now abbreviating the quotation, therefore saying "no eight sufferings called ultimate meaning." "Generally observing all dharmas as selfless, etc." is the chapter master's explanatory text.
Regarding "Fourth ultimate... manifesting truth": In the fourth ultimate ultimate, one true dharma-realm is most profound, superior to fourth ultimate conventional. Therefore called "ultimate ultimate." *Yogācāra* 64 says: "What is non-established reality? It refers to true-suchness of all dharmas." *Nirvāṇa* 13 says: "Reality is namely the Tathāgata. Tathāgata is namely reality. Reality is namely empty space. Empty space is namely reality. Reality is namely Buddha-nature. Buddha-nature is namely reality." Explanation: One real true-suchness when entangled is called Buddha-nature; in fruition is called Tathāgata. Dharma-nature empty suchness, because manifested through two emptinesses, is called empty space. However, in that sutra, seven meanings in total explain real truth meaning: first reality, second non-delusion, third non-falseness, fourth called Great Vehicle, fifth Buddha's explanation, sixth one path purity, seventh having permanence, bliss, self, purity. Through these seven meanings it is therefore called real truth. As extensively explained in the sutra. Now marking the first meaning. Also saying "no burning, cutting, etc. called ultimate meaning, etc." - through this text we know verbal-expression-gate selflessness exists only in fourth conventional ultimate; the names "no burning, cutting" exist only in fourth one true dharma-realm.
Regarding "Former three ultimates... namely former three ultimates": "Former three ultimates having characteristics establishment, etc." clarifies distinctions regarding the four levels of ultimate. "First one conventional mind-external objects non-existent, etc." regarding the four levels of conventional