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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror - Two Truths Chapter
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levels, clarifying distinctions. Question: The second conventional also includes the unconditioned, so why say only "mind-transformed phenomena"? Explanation: The unconditioned portion of dharma sense-field and dharma-element that are objects of consciousness are mind-transformed and thus included in other-dependent nature. Therefore called "phenomena." Though transformed by consciousness, they are similar before and after without alteration. Provisionally called "unconditioned." As explained in Volume 2 of the treatise. "Mind-transformed principles of the latter two conventionals" refers to the four truths and two emptinesses being established based on teachings. Being transformations in post-attainment wisdom mind, they are called "mind-transformed principles."
Traditional explanations consider the latter two conventionals as mind-opposing principles. Question: That established conventionals are mind-transformed principles is reasonable. But are non-established conventionals also aspect-portions? Explanation: This doesn't mean aspect-portions constitute the fourth conventional. Because two emptinesses are expressed verbally, aspect-portions generally constitute the fourth non-established conventional. I think this is incorrect. The fourth conventional has two meanings: first, manifesting meaning through verbal expression (the established gate); second, transcending verbal expression to reach true meaning (the non-established). Now we take the established as the fourth conventional. Non-established meaning constitutes the fourth ultimate. How do we know only established meaning constitutes the fourth conventional? *Yogācāra* 64 and *Manifest* 6 both say "all four kinds of conventional are established." As extensively explained there.
Regarding "The fourth ultimate... called the gate of distinguishing substance": The fourth ultimate is realized only by correct wisdom, not the realm of post-attainment wisdom. Therefore called "non-mind-transformed principle." "According to their respective applications, these are the three natures" - the three natures have two aspects: First, the permanent/impermanent gate: the permanent constitutes perfect nature, only true-suchness. All conditioned dharmas are other-dependent. Second, the defiled/undefiled gate: all undefiled dharmas are perfectly accomplished; all defiled dharmas are
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other-dependent. Following the first gate, among the four conventional levels, the first conventional belongs to discriminated nature; the latter three conventionals all belong to other-dependent nature. The reason is: the second conventional truth is mind-transformed phenomena; the latter two conventionals are mind-transformed principles. Though phenomena and principles differ, being mind-transformed, they are all other-dependent. Among the four ultimate levels, the first three ultimates are other-dependent nature. The previous three ultimates - namely the latter three conventionals and three ultimates - are equally other-dependent. Only the fourth ultimate is perfectly accomplished. Following the second gate, the second conventional truth encompasses defiled and undefiled, thus encompassing two natures: other-dependent nature and perfectly accomplished nature. The latter two conventionals, being only undefiled, are perfect nature. The four ultimate levels should be understood similarly. Due to such distinctions, it says "according to their respective applications, these are the three natures."
Traditional explanations say "according to their respective applications, these are the three natures" refers only to the fourth ultimate, not extending to other levels. In the fourth ultimate, conceived ultimate becomes discriminated; mind-transformed becomes other-dependent; original ultimate becomes perfectly accomplished. I think this is incorrect. "According to their respective applications, these are the three natures" refers comprehensively to the four levels of two truths. As previously explained, abandoning verbal expression and discussing purport is not grasping mind-objects. How can we further distinguish three natures based on this? Therefore the previous text says "abandoning verbal expression and discussing purport is not an object-realm." Therefore that text explains it's not grasping mind-objects. How could it encompass discriminated nature?
Regarding "Second, three vehicles... permitting observation of ultimate and conventional": Master Yuan says: In Sarvāstivāda, phenomena are conventional; principles are ultimate truth. The mutual separation of aggregates, sense-fields, and sense-elements constitutes phenomena. The sixteen noble truths' common characteristics like suffering and impermanence constitute principles. Also, *Abhidharma-mahāvibhāṣā* clarifies ultimate and conventional regarding the four truths. The sixteen principles of the four truths (suffering, etc.) are ultimate meaning. Suffering being like an ulcer, up to path being like
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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror - Two Truths Chapter
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a raft - this is conventional truth. *Abhidharma-hṛdaya* also explains two truths. As extensively explained there. Following their explanation, the two vehicles also seem to practice two-truth observation. But this is not so now. "Two vehicles' own explanation, etc." refers to the scope of Hīnayāna teachings. All Hīnayāna practitioners, following their sectarian teachings, think: observing the four truths leads to eliminating delusions and attaining fruitions. Yet they still don't know that observing only the four truths' suchness eliminates delusions and attains fruitions. Only Mahāyāna practitioners truly understand this principle. Therefore, now explaining to those Hīnayāna practitioners: they also realize personal emptiness; during preparatory observation they also observe ultimate and conventional. Namely, four truths' suchness is ultimate; four truths' non-existence is conventional. These principles are not what Hīnayāna knows. Now Mahāyāna explains and teaches this principle. Therefore saying "two vehicles' own explanation, etc."
Regarding "*Nirvāṇa Sūtra* says... medium wisdom and superior wisdom": This is *Nirvāṇa Sūtra* Chapter 13. "This is below conventional truth" is the chapter master's text. Two truths each have medium and superior wisdom. This reveals the two wisdoms of medium and superior within conventional truth. Knowing through general characteristics is medium wisdom. Knowing through distinctions is superior wisdom. What medium wisdom knows, Buddha already explained in that sutra. What superior wisdom knows, Buddha has not yet explained in that sutra. This is the meaning already explained in the previous sutra.
Regarding "All formations are without... as extensively explained below": This is also sutra text. "Below this ultimate meaning" is the chapter master's text. "Impermanence, selflessness, nirvāṇa, tranquility - this is ultimate meaning" refers to the first of the previous sutra, using medium wisdom. This is the meaning already explained in the previous sutra. "Knowing ultimate meaning as limitless and boundless, etc." refers to the ultimate meaning of the later sutra, using superior wisdom. This is the meaning not yet explained in the previous sutra.
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Regarding "Discriminating wisdom is superior, etc.": Knowing through discrimination is called discriminating wisdom. Knowing through general characteristics is called general wisdom. Knowing through discrimination is called superior. Knowing through general characteristics is called medium. These general and particular wisdoms both refer to post-attainment wisdom, not taking correct wisdom. *Abhidharma-samuccaya* Volume 11 says "discriminating wisdom" refers to "post-attainment wisdom after transcending the world." These two wisdoms are as extensively explained below.
Regarding "Same as *Benevolent Kings Sūtra*... wisdom should not be two": In *Benevolent Kings Sūtra* Volume 1, Two Truths chapter, King Prasenajit says: "Is there conventional truth within ultimate meaning? If saying no, wisdom should not be two. If saying yes, wisdom should not be one." The text quoted here seems somewhat different, but the meaning is consistent. "If there are truths, it should not be one" - ultimate wisdom understands oneness, realizing non-dual principle. Since capable-of-realizing wisdom is already one, realized truth is also one. If conventional truth contains ultimate truth, since truths are two, wisdom should also be two. Therefore saying "truths should not be one." "If none, wisdom should not be two" - knowing conventional is called conventional wisdom; knowing ultimate is called ultimate wisdom. If conventional truth contains no ultimate truth, since truths are one, wisdom should also be one. Therefore saying "wisdom should not be two." Resolving this difficulty is extensively explained there.
Regarding "Namely revealing person and dharma... both have two truths": "Namely revealing person and dharma both have two truths" - since truths are already two, wisdom also has two. Capable-of-knowing wisdom constitutes personal two truths; knowable truths constitute dharma two truths. Therefore person and dharma both have two truths. "Using persons in comparison, ordinary beings as lower, etc." clarifies wisdom distinctions. This clarifies distinctions through ordinary-sage comparison. Question: Taking two vehicles as medium and Tathāgata as superior, why does *Nirvāṇa Sūtra* say: "Through inferior wisdom observation, attaining śrāvaka bodhi. Through medium wisdom observation, attaining