英語訳
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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror - Five Minds Chapter
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The text "The second [section] examines characteristics... also called sudden (sōtsu-i)" clarifies the sudden arising of eye-consciousness and the accompanying mentation. First it provides a general summary, then cites passages. This is the general summary. However, in the Compilation (san), attached to this section, it examines the general substance. If it is the intrinsic substance, it takes the one consciousness-aggregate, mind-base, seven minds, and eight consciousnesses as its substance. If it is the associated substance, it takes the four aggregates, mind-base, seven minds, eight consciousnesses, dharma-base, a portion of the dharma-realm, and fifty-one mental factors as its substance. Question: Is the sixth consciousness that arises together with the sudden five consciousnesses necessarily sudden? Answer: Master Hong says it is indeterminate. When hearing sounds while in meditation, that is only wholesome in nature and is not sudden. I think this is incorrect. The consciousness that arises together with the sudden five consciousnesses is necessarily sudden. The treatise speaks about the majority of cases - the first three minds are indeterminate. If one is in a meditative state, it also extends to wholesome and others. Therefore it is acknowledged that sudden can also extend to wholesome nature. Question: When hearing sounds while in meditation, how many minds arise? Answer: Only the first two minds. The reason for this is that there must be expectation before emergence. Expectation is namely seeking and sudden. This should be understood, as explained in the Consciousness-Only Commentary, Volume 5.
The text "Therefore the Yogācāra treatise states... because it is included in seeking, etc." cites passages below as proof. This is the first passage. Regarding interpreting this passage, the Yogācāra Commentary has two explanations. The first explanation speaks only of the sudden arising of independently arising mentation. The second explanation does not distinguish between independent and simultaneous arising, but generally says "this explains the sudden mind of mentation, etc." This is detailed in those explanations. The Compilation states there are two Western explanations, both interpreting this treatise passage in terms of independent mentation. This cannot be cited to prove the sudden arising of co-object mentation. This is crude. Now I respond: "From the spontaneous operation of mentation... called sudden-falling mind" proves the sudden mind of simultaneous mentation. From "only objectifying the past" onwards proves the seeking mind of mentation after the five consciousnesses.
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Now examining the chapter-master's citations before and after, as ultimate principle it must be thus. Without investigating the profound meaning, why rashly make criticisms? This is detailed in the reconciliation below.
The text "Also the Sandhinirmocana Sutra states... because it is led to fall into objects" - this is the second proof. From "Therefore mentation accompanying eye[-consciousness]" onwards is the chapter-master's explanation. Although the five consciousnesses of eye, etc. are non-discriminating, they arise in dependence on discriminating mentation. That is, they take the sixth consciousness as the root of discrimination and thereby are able to function, hence it says "there is one discriminating consciousness that functions simultaneously." Therefore mentation accompanying eye[-consciousness] is called sudden mind, etc. - this is the conclusion. Generally speaking of sudden arising, there are three types: sudden arising of the five consciousnesses, sudden arising of accompanying mentation, and sudden arising of independent mentation. Now the first two are cited to show the characteristics of mind.
The text "This already initially objectifies... defiled-pure mind arises" - "confirming and understanding objects" means that at the time of decisive mind, it functions together with conviction, decisively confirming and understanding the previously investigated objects, hence called "confirming and understanding objects." "Apprehending the characteristics of correct causes, etc." - Yogācāra Volume 3 says: "The causal characteristics of wrong, correct, and neutral actions are discriminated by volition." That is, wrong, correct, and other actions are namely bodily and verbal karmas. The causes of these actions are namely good and evil objects. By understanding these object-characteristics, one volitionally creates various karmas and gives rise to good, evil, and other phenomena, hence it says "apprehending the characteristics of correct causes, etc." "Dwelling in hatred toward enemies, etc." means regarding hateful objects, one gives rise to anger and other defilements; regarding loveable objects, one gives rise to greed and other defilements. Or conversely, one gives rise to non-anger and other pure states. Regarding what should be hated or loved, being able to endure and able to separate, one gives rise to equanimity in the middle and dwells in equanimous mind.
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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror - Five Minds Chapter
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The text "Through this defiled-pure [mind]... the equal consciousnesses are also thus" means through this defiled-pure mentation as precedent, it draws the eye and other consciousnesses to be either defiled or pure, flowing equally to the previous, making them equal-flow minds. This has three categories: equal-flow of the five consciousnesses, equal-flow of co-object mentation, equal-flow of independently arising mentation. Although the text has no separate explanation, according to principle it should necessarily be thus. The middle three minds are mostly only mentation. Their categories are two: post-five-consciousness mentation and independently arising mentation. Inferring by meaning, the two minds of seeking and decision also include the five consciousnesses.
The text "Third, the eight consciousnesses... are not continuously sustained consciousnesses" - this is the third section. It is broadly divided into two parts. First, following gross characteristics, it explains parallel to the text. Later, from "However, the seventh consciousness" onwards, following subtle characteristics, it explains exhaustively according to principle. This first part follows gross characteristics and explains parallel to the text. The reason why the six consciousnesses have these five minds but the seventh and eighth do not is that regarding consciousnesses of three-nature transformation and intermittent minds, the five minds are explained in dependence on previous and subsequent dharmas. If the eighth consciousness continuously persists at all times, is uniformly indeterminate, and has no meaning of transformation, these five are not established. The seventh manas, although it has the meaning of pure-defiled transformation, continuously persists and is similar before and after, so the five minds are not explained. Therefore in the Yogācāra, only the six consciousnesses are mentioned; the seventh and eighth are not explained.
The text "However, the seventh consciousness... because it is not accompanied by desire" - from here onwards it follows subtle characteristics and explains exhaustively according to principle. Within the seventh consciousness, in the causal stage there are only the latter three minds. Because it continuously and definitely objectifies objects, there is no sudden arising. Because it does not correspond with desire, etc., there is no seeking. However, the latter three minds can be said to be complete in meaning within a single moment.
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Not before and after. "The eighth is not like this, etc." means within the eighth consciousness, in the causal stage there are four, only excluding seeking. In the three realms, at the initial birth stage, there is transformation of realms and grounds. Because form and formless object-spheres differ in breadth and narrowness, there is sudden mind. The fruition stage is also thus. The three object-spheres of narrow, vast, and immeasurable are as explained in Yogācāra Volume 51.
The text "Because the seventh consciousness... has sudden arising" - "Because the seventh consciousness, though realms initially arise, etc." means the seventh follows the eighth, and though at the initial birth stage there is transformation of realms and grounds, because the objectified consciousness is similar in type, there is no sudden falling. If at the initial moment of the initial transformation stage there are three, excluding seeking and equal-flow. From the second moment onwards, it is complete with four minds. This is because even the initial moment categorically has equal-flow, so as the second moment it is explained in combined meaning as having four minds. "Or at the second time pure consciousness arises again, etc." means if after ceasing in the middle, when arising again, the initial moment is complete with four. This is because it is the previous equal-flow. This also, in one moment, is complete with four minds.
The text "Here, provisionally depending... what mind is this again?" - "depending on the treatise's explanation of six consciousnesses" is a heading that will be explained next. "The various minds that the seventh and eighth reasonably possess" refers to what was already explained before. That is, in the previous section following subtle characteristics and explaining exhaustively according to principle, it first finished explaining the distinctions of various minds possessed by the seventh and eighth. From here onwards it clarifies how many minds the six consciousnesses possess. There are three masters' theories. This is the first master's theory. This master's intention is: If following gross characteristics and explaining according to the text, then the first five consciousnesses have the initial and final two. The sixth consciousness is complete with five minds. If following subtle characteristics and explaining exhaustively according to principle, the five consciousnesses also have the two minds of seeking and decision.