英語訳
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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror - Two Truths Chapter
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There are deep aspects. From this it should be known that distinguishing dharmas' shallow-deep through objects' coarse-subtle truly has its reason.
Regarding "Those five aggregate things... because later ones are subtle": After this, regarding objects' coarse-subtle, the four levels of ultimate are clarified. This should be understood according to what precedes. "Observing five aggregates like inner self-realization, abandoning expressions and discussing meaning, etc." means that noble ones, using non-discriminative wisdom, condition tathatā objects and internally realize the self-essence. A hundred negations are all severed, four propositions completely perish, subject-object are permanently forgotten, mind and speech entirely cease. This is called inner realization. However, regarding this inner realization, various explanations differ. One says: All fundamental and subsequently-attained [wisdoms] internally realize tathatā without reflecting images, because uncontaminated wisdom conditions tathatā. Another says: Fundamental and subsequently-attained wisdom can all transform images but are not direct conditioning. Otherwise the consciousness-only principle would not be established. Another says: When correct wisdom directly realizes self-essence, it conditions without transforming, like self-witnessing division having no separate object division. Subsequently-attained wisdom transforms images and conditions them because of discrimination. If not so, inner object-wisdom, etc., conditioning tathatā objects should have no differences between essential and subsequently-attained. Though there are three explanations, the Great Tang Tripiṭaka Master and Dharmapāla's school consider the latter explanation correct. For extensive analysis, see *Vijñāpti-mātra-siddhi* Volume 9 commentary.
Regarding "*Vijñāpti-mātra-siddhi*... now explained in reference to ultimate": Below, texts are quoted and assigned to four levels. Now three texts are quoted. This is the first text, assigned to second conventional and second ultimate. This can be understood from the text. "Because cause-effect principles are neither identical nor separate": Among four ultimate meanings, the second principle-ultimate is precisely four truths' cause-effect principles. Mental factors as effects, mind-kings as causes, natural
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cause-effect that are neither identical nor separate. "The third conventional should also be understood similarly, etc.": Though one four truths, the doctrinal approaches differ. If following conventional approach, explained as third; if following ultimate approach, explained as second. Now saying "not identical-separate" refers only to explanation in reference to ultimate. The text should be thus.
Regarding "Also Volume 7 says... namely fourth ultimate": This next text is assigned to second conventional and fourth ultimate. "Like previously explained consciousness differential characteristics, etc.": Previously explained three transformations' characteristics are explained based on second principle-conventional among four conventional truths, having eight types of phenomenal differences, not the fourth ultimate-ultimate truth among four ultimate truths. In ultimate truth, exhaustively examining eight consciousnesses' principle, discriminative mind and words are all severed. Previous mental factors' identity-difference with mind, using second conventional and second ultimate in mutual comparison for explanation. Now using second conventional compared with fourth ultimate truth for discussion.
Regarding "Also that volume's explanation... namely fourth ultimate": "Eight consciousnesses' self-essence are neither definitely identical nor different" - Commentary Volume 7 says: This "neither one nor different" depends on four ultimates compared with four conventionals - all can be reasonably contemplated. There is no separate assignment of four-level two truths. This text first makes assignments. Think according to the text. "False consciousness-nature, true consciousness-nature, etc." - taking the meaning for quotation, not actual treatise text.
Regarding "Using initial conventional... penetrating two four-truths": Initial conventional compared with four ultimates is called name-thing two truths. "Thing" means reality meaning. Also called provisional-real two truths. Second conventional compared with three ultimates is called thing-principle two truths. "Thing" refers to three categories' phenomena. "Principle" refers to four truths, two emptinesses, and one true. The
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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror - Two Truths Chapter
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third conventional compared with two ultimates is called shallow-deep two truths. "Shallow" refers to four truths' principles. "Deep" refers to two emptinesses and one true. Compared with four truths, both are called deep. Fourth conventional compared with one ultimate is called expression-meaning two truths. "Expression" refers to two emptinesses' suchness. "Meaning" refers to one true dharma-realm. These two truths are all progressively from coarse to subtle in sequence. Therefore saying "Each investigation proceeding from coarse to subtle, mutual comparison penetrates two four-truths."
Regarding "Third mutual inclusion... should have five truths": This question's meaning: As Tathāgata previously explained, the dharmas I studied are like earth's grass and trees; what was proclaimed is like leaves in hand. Sarvāstivāda's four truths do not exhaustively include dharmas. Namely space and non-analytical cessation are not two types of cause-effect. Not objects of defiled mind. Now according to this sūtra, four truths exhaustively include dharmas. If so, space and non-analytical cessation are heard dharmas. If entering four truths, this means already explained. If they don't enter, there should be five truths. Two cessations are not two types of cause-effect - which truth includes them? Explanation: According to Sarvāstivāda, space and non-analytical cessation have separate essence-natures, not being cause-effect, therefore not included in four truths. Mahāyāna has no separate essence-natures; they are provisionally established upon tathatā. Tathatā is precisely four truths' real nature. Therefore included within four truths.
Regarding "Buddha praised Kāśyapa... still not called explanation": Below is Buddha's answer. "Though explained, not yet explained; others explain differently. However dharmas are included within four truths." "Kāśyapa also again spoke, etc.":
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This is Kāśyapa's repeated question. The question's meaning can be understood. "Buddha said, good son, etc.": Buddha's answer has two parts: first brief, then extensive. This is the brief answer. "Though again entering within, still not called explanation": "Suffering" means its suffering essence doesn't transcend two types of birth-death. Using all conditioned fruits' meaning to explain suffering, all are within it - all within suffering truth. Various differential suffering characteristics not yet explained are more numerous than already explained. This is "still not called explanation." Accumulation, cessation, path, etc. should also be understood thus. What's not yet explained is numerous, while what's already explained is little.
Regarding "Why is this so, good... wisdom and superior wisdom": Below is extensive explanation. "Good son... up to buddhas and bodhisattvas' wisdom" - this distinguishes wisdom differences according to persons. When different wisdoms are compared, two vehicles are called inferior, Mahāyāna called superior. Now compared with ordinary positions, two vehicles are called intermediate, bodhisattvas called superior. "Good son, knowing aggregates' suffering... never explained this" - this explains regarding aggregates. Aggregates are five aggregates - accumulation meaning. Generally knowing aggregate suffering is intermediate wisdom. Knowing countless differential suffering characteristics is superior wisdom. These suffering characteristics known by superior wisdom, I never explained in those sūtras. "Bases, elements, form, sensation, perception, formation, consciousness, etc.": Above explained suffering characteristics regarding five aggregates; next explains suffering characteristics regarding twelve bases, eighteen elements, form, sensation, etc. "Bases" means growth meaning - the places where mind-mental factors grow. "Elements" means nature meaning - within one body having eighteen different natures. These all have general-specific suffering characteristics. Knowing general is called intermediate; knowing specific is called superior. Above all explains suffering truth characteristics. "Including accumulation, cessation, path, etc.": Next explains general-specific characteristics regarding the other three truths.