英語訳
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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror - Two Truths Chapter
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The sutra text says: "Knowing that causes and conditions of sensation can generate the five aggregates is called one of intermediate wisdom." This explains the truth of accumulation. Intermediate wisdom knows general characteristics. "One person's arising of attachment is immeasurable and boundless, beyond what śrāvakas and pratyekabuddhas can know. Being able to know all sentient beings' arising of such attachment is called one of superior wisdom." This explains the truth of accumulation. Superior wisdom knows specific characteristics. The rest follows the sutra explanation.
Regarding "Good son knows... this is called superior wisdom": Below clarifies the meaning of two truths. The text has two parts: first distinguishing wisdom differences regarding two truths, then distinguishing two truths' characteristics in response to textual differences. This is the first text. First clarifying worldly truth, then clarifying ultimate truth. Regarding worldly truth, what intermediate wisdom knows is precisely the meanings already explained in previous sutras. What superior wisdom knows is precisely meanings not yet explained in previous sutras. "Knowing all formations' impermanence, etc." equals the other three seals: impermanence, non-self, and nirvana's tranquility. "This is ultimate meaning" refers to previous sutras' ultimate meaning, being similar to intermediate wisdom. What has been clarified above: knowing through general characteristics is intermediate wisdom; knowing through discrimination is superior wisdom. This is precisely the meanings of previous sutras' already explained and not yet explained.
Regarding "Ancient interpretations say... immeasurable and boundless": This is Master Yuan's and others' explanation. It explains the above text "knowing ultimate meaning is immeasurable and boundless, incalculable, not what two vehicles know - this is called superior wisdom." Below saying "ancient interpretations say, etc." all refer to this master. Therefore that chapter says: Within true truth's meanings there are separately two: first existence, second non-existence. Existence means Tathāgatagarbha nature's eternal sand buddha-dharmas. Within non-existence are five. First, within true Tathāgatagarbha, eternal sand buddha-
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dharmas gather in same essence, with no single dharma separately maintaining self-nature - this is called non-existence. Up to the fifth: within this truth there is no false conceptual empty Tathāgatagarbha. These five generally concern Tathāgatagarbha essence within ultimate meaning, distinguished according to meanings, yet equally true truth. What the present sutra calls "knowing ultimate meaning's immeasurable boundlessness, etc." is precisely tathatā principle. Within Tathāgatagarbha exist immeasurable boundless eternal sand virtues. Now pointing to that, therefore saying "eternal sand myriad virtues immeasurable boundless."
Regarding "This above sutra text... establishing two truths": Below is the chapter master's text, explaining the meaning of sutra text quoted above. In this above sutra text, through Kāśyapa's question about four truths including dharmas, within the World-Honored One's answer, it still shows two truths' wisdom having intermediate-superior. Knowing through general characteristics is called intermediate wisdom; knowing through specific characteristics is called superior wisdom. "Truth" means reality. "Reality" means thoroughly real meaning. If worldly conditions have no errors, therefore called thoroughly real. Existence-nonexistence principles are unmeasurable by ordinary beings; only sages can realize. Now establishing intermediate-superior wisdom compared with ordinary wisdom, depending on these two wisdoms, precisely establishing two truths. This clarifies person-two truths.
Regarding "According to reality in explanation... next sutra should clarify": This clarifies person-dharma two truths, which in principle must necessarily exist. "Dharmas having superior-inferior" shows dharma-two truths. "Wisdom having shallow-deep" shows person-two truths. "Realizing reality only two" - realizing real existence-nonexistence principles only through intermediate-superior two wisdoms, excluding ordinary inferior wisdom. Therefore saying "only two." "If generally explaining two vehicles forming superior-inferior, etc.": "two vehicles" means śrāvaka-pratyekabuddha two vehicles. Two vehicles' wisdom, compared with ordinary beings' wisdom, is called superior; compared with Tathāgata's wisdom,
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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror - Two Truths Chapter
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is called inferior. There is no separate intermediate wisdom. Another interpretation: two vehicles means Great-Small two vehicles, not small two vehicles. If not so, like the analogy of faculties' superior-inferior wisdom powers, it wouldn't work. Being included in inferior-superior means inclusion in inferior vehicle and superior vehicle.
Regarding "Mañjuśrī addressed saying... then no two truths": Above distinguished wisdom differences regarding two truths; below, following Mañjuśrī Bodhisattva, distinguishes two truths' characteristics. Within this are generally two rounds of questions-answers: first conditional questioning, then verification. "Initial conditional questioning": the sutra says "World-Honored One's explained worldly truth and ultimate truth - what is their meaning?" This is conditional questioning. Previously two types of truth meanings were explained, now briefly not mentioned. "Whether there are worldly truths within ultimate meaning, etc." verifies the explanation. Below "if there are, etc." advances and retreats in critical questioning. "Good son, worldly truth is precisely ultimate truth" - Buddha's answer, responding regarding non-difference meaning. This is the profound examination non-difference approach. Also like *Benevolent Kings Sutra*'s "illuminating understanding seeing non-dual." "This clarifies two truths' non-separation meaning" - this is text added by the chapter master, not in sutra text. Non-separation meaning is precisely non-difference meaning. "World-Honored One, if so, then no two truths" - Mañjuśrī's repeated challenge saying: if saying "worldly truth is precisely ultimate meaning," there's only one truth, then no two truths.
Regarding "Buddha said good son... transcendent dharmas": Buddha's extensive answer. First generally clarifying two truths' intent, then separately showing two truths' characteristics. This is the initial text. "Following sentient beings, explaining there are two truths" clarifies the intent of explaining two truths is for sentient beings. Below "if following verbal explanations" clarifies explaining
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existence of two within verbal explanation path. *Saṃdhinirmocana-sūtra* says: "Good son, those sages, within this matter, because of separating from verbal expressions, manifest perfect enlightenment. Precisely regarding such expression-free dharma-nature, wishing to make others manifest perfect enlightenment, provisionally establish name-characteristics, calling this unconditioned." According to this sutra text, realization wisdom's understanding is one, yet provisionally establishing name-characteristics, following sentient beings, explains two truths.
Regarding "Good son, as if... showing two truths' distinction": Second, separately showing two truths' characteristics. The text has eight successive sections explaining two truths' differential characteristics. This first section clarifies two truths' characteristics regarding person-wisdom distinctions. Objects of knowledge, though essentially only one, knowing wisdoms differ in shallow-deep. Like one magical appearance seen differently by two people: the magician knows non-existence, analogizing seeing one to perceive ultimate; ordinary fools grasp reality, analogizing seeing conventional. Through this principle, explaining there are two truths. "This clarification shows two truths' distinctions depending on person-wisdom's shallow-deep" - this is chapter master's text, not in sutra text.
Regarding "Good son... ultimate truth": Below are seven sections clarifying two types of characteristics. This first section explains two truths regarding existence-nonexistence of designations. Realizing existence is conventional; realizing non-existence is ultimate. Judging these seven sections' characteristics, ancient and contemporary explanations differ. Master Yuan says: Though having eight sections, briefly divided into two: first one regarding persons, latter seven regarding dharmas. Therefore from "these five aggregates' combination" onwards, seven sections all depend on dharmas to distinguish two truths, penetrating establishment-nature,破性, 破相, revelation-reality schools' four schools