英語訳
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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror - Two Truths Chapter
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These are the two truths. Among the seven sections: the first three are establishment-nature school's two truths, the next two are anti-nature school's two truths, the next one is anti-characteristic school's two truths, and the last one is manifestation-reality school's two truths. In the present text, the deep encompasses the shallow, therefore discussing them comprehensively. Details are as explained below. The chapter master now says: these seven sections only clarify the two truths within the manifestation-reality school, not explaining Hinayana and anti-characteristic two truths. Manifestation-reality naturally has anti-characteristics. In this first section, citing shallow phenomenal dharmas to explain the previously established meaning of establishing two truths based on persons. The following six sections establish through mutual opposition based on dharmas' superior-inferior qualities. How do we know this? Because the first section repeatedly explains the previous meaning of establishing two truths based on persons. The sutra text already states: "Ordinary beings, following their appellations, call this worldly truth; transcendent persons, according to nature-characteristics, are able to know this, calling it ultimate meaning." Therefore we know this merely repeatedly manifests the previous meaning, making known that two truths are also established depending on mutual relativity. Below one should understand.
Regarding "Furthermore, good son... ultimate truth": This second section explains two truths regarding existence of names and existence of reality, etc. Having names without reality is conventional, like bottles, clothing, etc. Having names with reality is ultimate, like form, sound, etc. The chapter master's explanation: though not clearly distinguishing and discriminating, reasoning suggests this is precisely the four levels within this. The present text saying "having names without reality is conventional truth" is precisely this initial conventional. Because self-existence-nature, etc. have names but no reality. "Having names with reality called ultimate meaning" refers precisely to the four types of ultimate meaning explained in treatises, all having name-essence. Or only the three categories are called ultimate meaning, when contrasted with self, etc., having name-essence.
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Regarding "Good son, as if... ultimate truth": This third section explains regarding self, etc. "Like self, sentient beings up to various aggregates, elements, bases are called worldly truth; the four truths are ultimate meaning." Non-substantial selves, etc. and substantial three categories. Using these two types, both are called worldly when contrasted with four truths' principle.
Question: In the previous second section, existence-name non-existence-reality selves and sentient beings, etc. were already called worldly truth when contrasted with three-category dharmas. Why in this third section are non-substantial selves, etc. again repeatedly explained as conventional truth?
Answer: This manifests that self-dharmas are not only called worldly when contrasted with three-category dharmas, but are also called worldly when contrasted with four truths, etc. Therefore in the previous second section, using initially name-existing reality-lacking dharmas contrasted with aggregates-elements-bases, aggregates-elements-bases dharmas were called true truth, precisely included in first ultimate among four ultimates. To manifest this is not merely ultimate meaning, therefore again using three categories contrasted with four truths, phenomena being inferior to principle become conventional. This is precisely the second conventional in treatises. Four truths are second ultimate. Sentient beings, life-span up to receivers and agents are all alternative names for self. Gandharva city means "fragrance-seeking city." Western entertainers are called fragrance-seekers. Not engaging in productive work, only seeking and consuming fragrances, then making music. Watching for opportunities to beg from them. These illusory cities' towers worthy of love are called fragrance-seeking cities. Water vapors in seas, when sunlight strikes, seen from afar appear difficult to grasp, also resembling phantom cities. Water agitation creates sounds, subtly similar to music-making. Because resembling those fragrance-seeking cities, also called fragrance-seeking cities. Because deceptive confusion arises. Now
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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror - Two Truths Chapter
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using this as analogy. As explained in *Vimalakīrti Commentary* volume three.
Regarding "Good son, world... ultimate truth": This fourth section explains regarding worldly dharmas. First clarifying five types of world, then below "Good son, if there are sentient beings" distinguishing non-confusion. As the text indicates, one can understand. Worldly dharmas having five constitute conventional; knowing this called ultimate manifests that initial conventional is not merely self, etc. having only names without substantial-functional dharmas. Those non-substantial yet functional dharmas are also initial conventional. Therefore *Xiǎnyáng*, etc. explain houses, armies, forests, etc. are also initial conventional. Because being equally most inferior as the category of non-substantial selves, etc. Non-confusedly knowing this means only aggregates, etc. exist, completely without real name-phrase dharmas - this is ultimate meaning. Among four ultimates, all lack the explained five worldly dharmas. Or within three categories, really lacking these five. Mahāyāna-ji says: This section appears to explain non-sequentially, but having already explained aggregates-elements-bases as penetrating ultimate, fearing these functional non-substantial dharmas might also penetrate true truth, to manifest this is not so, therefore explaining their doubts. Hence now explaining. Among five worldly types: first two are designators, next two designated, last one marking characteristics. Manifesting that designators-designated, whether emotional or phenomenal, all have only provisional establishment, not truly real. Therefore only making differential explanations, no different meanings.
Regarding "Furthermore, good son... ultimate truth": This fifth section explains regarding burning, etc. "If burning, cutting, etc. are called worldly truth, etc." - this pair manifests calling two non-selves conventional, calling one real tathatā ultimate truth. Heretical ordinary beings grasp self as permanent
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and unified. Buddha explains as non-existence. Five aggregates, etc. can be burned, cut, etc., lacking those substantial self's permanent-unified characteristics. "Burning, cutting, etc." means two non-selves. In later sections, using these non-selves contrasted with suffering truth principle, etc., explained as true truth - precisely third ultimate. In this fifth section, using two non-selves contrasted with one real suchness. Tathatā is not manifested depending on designating approaches like "can be burned, cut," etc. Precisely ultimate-ultimate. Therefore two non-selves, etc., depending on designation to manifest reality, are called conventional, included in fourth ultimate conventional. If not so, what principle would these words designate? World-Honored One does not speak meaningless words. One real tathatā is precisely this fourth ultimate-ultimate.
Regarding "Furthermore, good son... ultimate truth": This sixth section explains regarding having-suffering and non-suffering. "Having eight suffering characteristics called worldly truth, etc." - previously using four truths contrasted with aggregates, etc. called ultimate, now using this contrasted with two non-selves, etc. lacking eight suffering characteristics dharmas, precisely becomes conventional. Included in third realization conventional. Eight sufferings are precisely suffering truth principle, therefore specifically citing one suffering to categorize the remaining three truths. Chapter master's explanation says: This section should be explained in the fifth section; the previous fifth section should be explained in the sixth. The reason for this: these seven sections explain two truths' characteristics from shallow to deep. Now observing the sutra text, the previous fifth section marks fourth conventional and fourth ultimate; this sixth section manifests third conventional and third ultimate. First deep then shallow, therefore the sequence is confused. Now using verbal convenience,