英語訳
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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror - Two Truths Chapter
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Regarding "Furthermore, good son... ultimate truth": This seventh section explains through analogies. The dharmas and analogies explained in this seventh section generally clarify that the essence of the two truths has no distinctions, and following that person's wisdom and, within dharmas, the four levels of two truths - emptiness-existence, phenomena-principle, shallow-deep, designation-meaning - their superior-inferior mutually contrast to constitute ultimate-conventional. Therefore worldly people only know birth from father and mother, calling this conventional, while transcendent persons know dependent origination, calling it ultimate meaning. This divides the two truths following personal wisdom. Calling the coarse-shallow provisional phenomena of birth from father and mother conventional, and calling the fine-deep real dharmas of dependent origination ultimate meaning. This divides the two truths following dharmas. This is a dharma-analogy that generally clarifies the distinctions of two truths, with no separate approaches. Carefully observing the sutra's meaning, though there are seven levels, reasoning through their significance shows no difference from treatises. Details are as explained below.
Regarding "Ancient explanations... Nirvana, etc.": What follows describes Master Yuan's explanations. "Ancient explanations" refers to the text from "now based on the sixth, therefore called first" for one and a half pages, which is from Master Yuan's *Nirvana Sutra Commentary* volume five. There are no differences whatsoever. Scholars should collate this. "Roughly dividing, there are two, etc." means calling establishment-nature and anti-nature "lesser," calling anti-characteristics and manifestation-reality "greater." "Finely dividing, there are four, etc." - Master Yuan says: These four are named as dharmas in relation to meaning; sutras and treatises have no such names. Though sutras and treatises lack these names, they truly contain these meanings. Within greater and lesser, each divides shallow-deep, therefore there are four schools. Speaking of the establishment-nature school, also called the dependent origination school - the shallow among Hinayana.
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Proclaiming that all dharmas each have essential nature. Though explaining having nature, all arise from conditions, not the same as heretics establishing natural nature. This school corresponds to Abhidhamma. Next, the anti-nature school, also called the provisional name school - the deep among Hinayana, proclaiming all dharmas are illusory-provisional and natureless. Not the same as the previous school's establishing dharmas' self-nature. Though dharmas are natureless, this doesn't mean lacking provisional characteristics. This school corresponds to the *Satyasiddhi Treatise*. Next, the anti-characteristics school, also called the non-real school - the shallow among Mahayana, clarifying that the illusory-provisional characteristics within the previous school also have nothing substantial. Like a person observing a mirage from afar as water, but observing closely reveals original non-existence - not only lacking nature, water-characteristics are also absent. All dharmas are like this. Though explaining non-characteristics, this hasn't yet manifested dharmas' reality. Later, the manifestation-reality school, also called the true school - the deep among Mahayana, proclaiming all dharmas exist through false imagination. False imagination, being substanceless, necessarily relies on the real when arising. The real refers to so-called Tathāgatagarbha nature - eternal sand dharmas in same-essence conditional collection, neither separate nor detached, neither severed nor different. This true nature's dependent origination collectively forms birth-death and Nirvana. Being what the real collects, nothing is not truly real. Distinguishing this real nature, therefore called the true school.
Regarding "Among these four... therefore comprehensively discussing them": In the present text, "the deep encompassing the shallow, etc." - Master Yuan says: Regarding schools distinguishing truths, there are separately four approaches: first, dividing dharmas regarding schools; second, the deep encompassing the shallow; third, progressing through dharmas with distinctions; fourth, distinguishing immediacy-separation. Now using seven sections to correspond with four schools precisely follows the second approach of deep encompassing shallow. Therefore saying "in the present text, the deep encompasses the shallow." In Hinayana, establishment-nature school is shallow, anti-nature is deep. In Mahayana, anti-characteristics is
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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror - Two Truths Chapter
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shallow, manifestation-reality is deep. Also like the dharma-characteristic conventional truth in the anti-nature school, saying all dharmas are impermanent, etc. - being dharmas' real characteristics, therefore called conventional truth. This conventional truth is the true truth dharma of the establishment-nature school. Understand all others similarly. Within deep schools' conventional, the shallow schools' ultimate is encompassed, therefore saying "the deep encompasses the shallow." Details are as explained in that master's chapter commentaries.
Regarding "Within the initial school... unable to cite extensively": "Depending on Vibhāṣā, etc., specifically explaining seven sections, etc." - *Saṃyuktahṛdaya*, *Abhidharmakośa*, etc. also explain two truths. Following *Abhidharmakośa* twenty-two's explanation: Regarding those objects, when jars are not yet broken, when water is not yet broken, using worldly conceptual names, provisionally establishing jars and water. Being provisionally established existence, called conventional. Depending on conventional principle, explaining jars, etc. as real, called conventional truth. If there are object-essences different from these jars, etc., called ultimate truth. Namely, that object's awareness - when breaking that object, that awareness doesn't disappear; also when using wisdom to break and remove it, if that awareness still exists, one should know to call that object ultimate truth. One should understand that explanation. In *Saṃyuktahṛdaya Treatise*, also as explained next below. Now being equal to that treatise, therefore placing the word "etc." *Vibhāṣā Treatise* seventy-seven has eight different explanations, extensively explaining two truths. Following meaning and comprehensively discussing, not exceeding seven sections, therefore saying "specifically explaining seven sections."
Regarding "First, emotional-rational division... called ultimate meaning": What follows cites the seven-section sequence following meaning. This is the first approach. Tradition says among the seven, the sixth lacks text. The remaining six sections all have authentic texts. I think this is incorrect - all seven exist. In this text, among these seven sections, the second and seventh depend on *Saṃyuktahṛdaya* texts. The remaining five sections depend on Vibhāṣā explanations. Vibhāṣā seventy-seven has eight different explanations. This initial approach precisely corresponds to their sixth meaning. Therefore that text says: "Again making this explanation: Following what accords with worldly explanations is called conventional; following what accords with noble ones' explanations is called ultimate meaning." How do we know this? This very chapter says: "First, initially dividing into two regarding emotional-rational. Calling five aggregates' combination 'so-and-so.' Ordinary beings, following appellations, calculate there are selves and persons. This is called worldly truth. Noble ones understand aggregates have no 'so-and-so,' and separated from aggregates there's also nothing. Called ultimate meaning." Through this we clearly know this corresponds to the sixth meaning.
Question: Selves, etc. are what emotions consider existent, but are originally non-existent regarding dharmas. What is explained as truth? Master Yuan says: Ordinary beings take aggregates as self. Aggregates, following emotions being taken, are called selves and persons, explained as conventional truth. This doesn't mean completely lacking dharma. Regarding true truth: noble ones know aggregates are not self-possessions; following noble understanding, explaining as no-self, called true truth. This also doesn't mean lacking dharma.
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Regarding "Second, provisional-real division... explaining ultimate meaning": This second section depends on *Saṃyuktahṛdaya* text. Jars, clothing, etc. dharmas, having names without reality, are called conventional truth. Aggregates and other dharmas, having names with reality, are explained as true truth. "When distinguishing dharmas, etc." is *Saṃyuktahṛdaya Treatise* volume ten text. Therefore that text says: "What equality and ultimate meaning have what characteristics? Answer: When distinguishing phenomena, if abandoning names then explaining as equality; when distinguishing, if there's nothing to abandon, this is precisely ultimate meaning." That treatise's explanation says: "When distinguishing phenomena, abandoning names" - this is precisely equal phenomena. That text