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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror - Two Truths Chapter
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Fifty-six
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"there's also no name-words of 'so-and-so' in the aggregates." People beyond the world, according to their nature and characteristics, are able to know this well. This is called ultimate truth. Explanation: The meaning of this sūtra text manifests the first approach among the seven approaches of the establishment-nature school. There's no other different meaning.
Regarding "Second, taking reality as first...": This indicates the second approach and corresponds to the sūtra text. "Having both name and reality are the real dharmas, etc." - the sūtra says: "Furthermore, good son, some dharmas have names and reality. Some dharmas have names but no reality. Good son, having names but no reality is conventional truth. Having both names and reality is ultimate truth." Explanation: The meaning of this sūtra text manifests the second approach among the seven approaches. There's no other different meaning.
Regarding "Third, taking... as ultimate meaning": This indicates the third approach and corresponds to the sūtra text. "Like self, sentient beings, etc." - the sūtra says: "Good son, like self, sentient beings, life-span, views, nourishment, person, receiver, agent, mirages in hot weather, gandharva cities, turtle hair, rabbit horns, spinning wheels of fire, and all aggregates, realms, and sense-fields. These are called conventional truth. Suffering, origination, cessation, and path are called ultimate truth." Explanation: The meaning of this sūtra text manifests the third approach among the seven approaches. There's no other different meaning.
Regarding "Next below, regarding... to distinguish the two truths": Below this is the second part, indicating the doctrine of the nature-refuting school and matching it with the sūtra's two truths. First, it generally indicates the school's intention, then separately corresponds to the sūtra text. This is the beginning. Provisional dharmas' emptiness and existence: The five types of worldly dharmas are called "existence," and knowing them as they truly are calls them "empty." Real dharmas'
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emptiness and existence: Aggregates, realms, sense-fields, etc. are called "existence." Regarding essential emptiness, within ultimate meaning, severing the names of aggregates and self is called "empty." Master Yuan says: "In the second school, conventional truth has existence and non-existence. Within existence, following meaning, it divides into three types. First is phenomenal conventional truth - namely aggregates, realms, etc. In phenomena, the boundaries are the same. Being truly real and not false, it's called truth. This is the same as the first school's conventional truth phenomena. Second is dharma-characteristic conventional truth - namely all dharmas' suffering, impermanence, etc. Being dharmas' real nature, it's called truth. This one approach is the true truth dharmas within the previous school. Third is principle-characteristic conventional truth - namely dharmas' false conditional dependent-arising collective functioning worldly dharmas are truly so. This is called conventional truth. This one approach is not the same as the previous school. Speaking of 'non-existence' - among the five aggregates, the self and person that ordinary beings falsely conceive, within conventional truth dharmas, since this self truly doesn't exist, it's called conventional truth. Regarding this emptiness and non-self, within the Abhidhamma school, it's consistently explained as ultimate truth. Within the Satyasiddhi treatise, the meaning has both aspects. If distinguishing this non-self within the phenomena and dharmas of the five aggregates, it's included in conventional truth. If regarding essential emptiness within ultimate meaning, if there's no self and person established by false emotions, that's precisely true truth. Now, regarding the first meaning, it's explained as conventional truth. Within true truth, the meaning separately has two aspects. First, the emptiness of no-nature within causal combination is made true truth. Second, regarding essential emptiness within ultimate meaning, the absence of self and person established by ordinary beings is made true truth. Now, regarding the sūtra's meaning, first opening two approaches."
Regarding "Within the former approach... called non-delusion": The second part below corresponds to sūtra text. "Worldly dharmas have five types, etc." - the sūtra says: "Good son, worldly dharmas have five types. First is name-world, second is phrase-world,
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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror - Two Truths Chapter
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third is bondage-world, fourth is dharma-world, fifth is attachment-world. Up to: Good son, if there are sentient beings who, regarding such five types of worldly dharmas, have no delusion in mind and know them as they truly are, this is called ultimate truth." Explanation: The five types of worldly dharmas, being provisional dharmas' existence, are called conventional truth. The emptiness of no-nature within causal combination and the emptiness of no-nature within dharma combination are called true truth. Now saying "knowing their essential emptiness and that they're also not real nature is called non-delusion" - within causal combination and dharma combination, knowing true essential emptiness is called non-delusion.
Regarding "Within the latter approach... called ultimate meaning": This indicates the latter approach and corresponds to sūtra text. "If burning, cutting, etc. are called conventional truth, etc." - the sūtra says: "Furthermore, good son, if burned, if cut, if dead, if destroyed - this is called conventional truth. No burning, no cutting, no death, no destruction - this is called ultimate truth." Explanation: "If burning, cutting, etc. are called conventional truth" refers to principle-characteristic conventional truth. Namely, dharmas' false conditional dependent-arising collective functioning worldly dharmas are truly so. This is called conventional truth. Being subject to burning, cutting, etc. is false. This is not the same as the previous school's making the absence of self and person established by ordinary beings within essential emptiness ultimate meaning into true truth.
Regarding "Next below, regarding... making it ultimate meaning": Below this is the third part, indicating the doctrine of the characteristic-refuting school and matching it with the sūtra's two truths. Master Yuan says: "Within the third school's conventional truth there are also two aspects. First is existence, second is non-existence. Within existence, following meaning, it divides into four types. First is phenomenal characteristics - namely aggregates, realms, etc. This is the same as the first school's
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conventional truth phenomena. Second is dharma characteristics - suffering, impermanence, etc. This is the same as the first school's true truth dharmas. Third is the characteristics of provisional name collective functioning. This approach is the same as the principle-characteristic conventional truth within the previous second school. Fourth is false imagination. The so-called principles of worldly dharmas are all false imaginative existence, like mirage water. This one approach is not the same as previous schools. Speaking of 'non-existence' - following meaning, there are two aspects. First, on aggregates there being no self and person falsely conceived by ordinary beings is made conventional truth. If regarding the absence of self and person falsely conceived by ordinary beings within characteristic-less ultimate meaning, that's precisely true truth. Now, regarding within the five aggregates' conditional dharmas, judging the absence of that self and person as entering conventional truth. However, this conventional truth is the same as the previous first school's true truth dharmas. Second, regarding within the five aggregates' provisional name dharmas, the absence of intrinsic nature grasped by false emotions - within conventional truth dharmas, since this nature truly doesn't exist, it's called conventional truth. (Omitting the remainder of one line.) Now entering the Mahāyāna characteristic-refuting school, the meaning has both aspects. If regarding within the five aggregates' conditional dharmas, judging the absence of intrinsic nature grasped by ordinary beings as belonging to conventional truth. If regarding within characteristic-less ultimate meaning, if that nature is absent, that's precisely true truth. Now, regarding the first meaning, it's explained as conventional truth. Within true truth, using meaning to distinguish, there are three aspects. First, ultimate false imagination's empty tranquility is made true truth. Second, within this emptiness, the absence of self and person falsely conceived by ordinary beings is made true truth. Third, within this emptiness, the absence of intrinsic nature established by ordinary beings is made true truth." Regarding "Taking the characteristics of eight sufferings as conventional truth, etc." - the sūtra says: "Furthermore, good son, having the characteristics of eight sufferings is called conventional truth. No birth, no aging, up to no five aggregates of grasping is called ultimate truth." Explanation: False imaginative existence completely has eight sufferings, therefore it's called conventional truth. Characteristic-less