英語訳
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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror - Two Truths Chapter
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Emptiness eternally transcends the eight sufferings. Therefore it is called ultimate truth.
Regarding "Question: This school... only has this distinction": This is a question and answer removing doubt. The question's meaning is: What difference is there between the two truths distinguished by this characteristic-refuting school and the previous nature-refuting two truths? "Ancient explanations say," etc. refers to Master Yuan's explanation. Conditional provisional existence refers to the principle-characteristic conventional truth within the nature-refuting school. Namely, dharmas' false conditional dependent-arising collective functions as worldly dharmas being truly so is called conventional truth. False-imagination existence refers to the false-imagination conventional truth within the characteristic-refuting school. Namely, this means the principles of worldly dharmas are entirely existents of false imagination, like mirage water, therefore called conventional truth. Natureless emptiness refers to within the nature-refuting school, the natureless emptiness within causal combinations and the natureless emptiness within dharmic combinations being precisely ultimate truth. Characteristic-less emptiness refers to ultimate false-imagination emptiness-tranquility as ultimate truth.
Regarding "Next, concerning the fourth... called the first": Below, fourthly, establishing the doctrine of the reality-revealing school and corresponding to sūtra passages. Master Yuan says: Within the fourth school's conventional truth there are two aspects. First, existence; second, non-existence. Within existence there are six types. First, phenomenal existence - namely aggregates, realms, etc. This is the same as the initial school's conventional truth phenomena. Up to the sixth, real existence - namely tathāgatagarbha. Saying "non-existence" - following meaning there are four types. First, lacking self and persons upon aggregates. This is the same as the initial school's ultimate truth principle. Up to the fourth, false-imagination non-existence. Not the same as previous schools. Within ultimate truth, meanings are separately divided into two. First, existence; second, non-existence. Existence refers to the so-called tathāgatagarbha-nature with countless buddha-dharmas. Within non-existence there are five types. First, reality - namely the countless buddha-dharmas within tathāgatagarbha being same-essence conditional combinations, with no single dharma separately maintaining intrinsic nature. This is called
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non-existence. Up to the fifth, within this reality lacking that false-imagination empty tathāgatagarbha. These five generally regarding tathāgatagarbha-essence ultimate meaning, following meaning they distinguish. All are ultimate truth. The sūtra says: "Furthermore, good son, like a person having many abilities. When running, he is called a runner. Up to: Depending on father-mother combination and arising is called conventional truth. What arises from twelve-link dependent origination combination is called ultimate truth." Explanation: The father-mother arising side is phenomenal dependent origination. This becomes conventional truth. The dependent origination side is dharma-nature dependent origination. This becomes ultimate truth.
Regarding "Ancient explanations say... therefore called first": First, phenomenal dependent origination is also called phenomenal existence - namely aggregates, realms, sense-fields, etc. This is the same as the initial conventional truth phenomena. Therefore saying "like Abhidharma explanations." Second, dharmic dependent origination is also called dharma-characteristic existence - namely suffering, impermanence, etc. This is the same as the initial school's ultimate truth dharma. Third, provisional dependent origination is also called provisional-name existence. This approach is the same as the conventional truth principle within the previous second school. Therefore saying "like Satyasiddhi explanations." Fourth, false-imagination dependent origination is also called false-imagination existence. This approach is the same as the conventional truth principle within the previous third school. Fifth, false-imagination dependent origination is also called false-imagination existence. This clarifies that outside mind there is ultimately no nature. Being only what deluded mind's false characteristics perceive, therefore saying "like what is seen in dreams." Sixth, this real dependent origination is also called real existence - namely tathāgatagarbha dependent origination. It collectively accomplishes birth-death and nirvāṇa. These latter two approaches are not the same as previous schools. Only one tathāgatagarbha, following conditions becomes buddha-nature and also becomes dependent origination. Buddha-nature and dependent origination being neither one nor different, therefore saying "like water arising that."
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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror - Two Truths Chapter
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Regarding "Though the above explanation is refined... existing two truths": Below, the chapter author personally presents the correct doctrine. First refuting ancient explanations, then presenting current interpretation. This is the beginning. The Compilation says: Various Hīnayāna calculations have twenty distinct divisions. How could Buddha have suspended explaining two truths only for Mahāyāna and Hīnayāna schools? Though the principle might be acceptable, it doesn't accord with the chapter author's intention of refuting the ancients. The current chapter author's intention: Various Hīnayāna calculations have twenty distinct divisions. How could Buddha have suspended not explaining the two truths taught by other divisions for Master Yuan and others existing in future-world Great Tang, only separately explaining the two truths possessed by the two Hīnayāna schools of Sarvāstivāda and Satyasiddhi treatise? Such reasoning has no valid basis. Therefore one cannot say that among the sūtra's seven approaches, the first three are the two truths distinguished within the nature-establishment school, and the next two are the two truths distinguished within the nature-refuting school.
Regarding "Therefore one should say... established in mutual opposition": This afterward presents the current interpretation. Master Yuan says: Within the Nirvāṇa Sūtra there are completely eight approaches explaining two truths. The first approach clarifies person-based two truths; the latter seven approaches clarify dharma-based two truths. The current chapter author's intention: Among the latter seven approaches, the first approach raises phenomena to explain the previous intention of establishing two truths based on persons; the latter six approaches establish through mutual opposition based on dharmas' superiority and inferiority. This explains dharma-based two truths. "The sūtra says ordinary beings... called ultimate meaning": Citing text as proof. Explaining the first approach's sūtra text among the latter seven approaches. Since it says what ordinary beings know is called conventional truth and what saints know is called ultimate meaning, therefore know this merely repeatedly manifests the previous meaning, making known that two truths also become established through mutual opposition depending on persons. One cannot say the first approach corresponds to dharmas in distinguishing characteristics, as this violates sūtra intention
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therefore.
Regarding "Though not clearly distinct... characteristics can be known": Below, accommodating hidden objections to present correct doctrine. Question: Among the latter seven approaches, if the first approach raises phenomena to repeatedly explain previous meaning, the doctrine can be understood. The sūtra also explains the latter six approaches - what do these explain? Therefore now generally saying: Though not clearly distinguishing and discriminating differences, reasoning through meaning, this is precisely the fourfold within this. Yogācārabhūmi and other explanations: Yogācārabhūmi sixth [fascicle] - worldly conventional refers to establishing fields, houses, bottles, pots, armies, forests, numbers, etc., and establishing self, sentient beings, etc. Now briefly indicating one, therefore saying "like self, sentient beings, etc." "Having names and reality called ultimate meaning," etc.: There are two explanations. First: The four types of ultimate meaning are generally called "having names and reality." All have name and essence. Second: Only the three categories of dharmas are called "having names and reality" in contrast to self, etc. As can be known from the text. The treatise's explained four types of ultimate meaning refers to Vijñāpti-mātra treatise ninth fascicle text. In that treatise it extensively explains the four realities.
Regarding "Within the third approach... all can be generally formed": These two categories are: the category of self and sentient beings, and the category of aggregates, realms, and sense-fields. Question: If self up to spinning fire wheels merely have names but lack essence and function, why does the previous [text] say "sentient beings, etc. lack function, fire wheels, etc. lack essence"? Since it says "fire wheels lack essence" but doesn't say "function is absent." Explanation: If illuminating function, fire wheels also temporarily exist. If wheel function, only because being unreal therefore lacking function. Now saying "lacking essence and function" - regarding