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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror - Two Truths Chapter
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cause and effect. Master Jing says: Truth-truth means cessation and path. False truth means suffering and origin. The latter four, namely the four of suffering, origin, cessation, and path clarified earlier, when mutually included by repetition, have two explanations. This can be known from the text.
"Establishing seven truths... because categories differ": The chapter master's commentary says: Relish and fault refer to the two truths of origin and suffering. Escape refers to cessation truth. Or it extends to path truth. Dharma-nature truth is suchness. Conviction truth is namely conviction. This is that suffering-fruit. What is known by sages is called sage truth. What is known by ordinary beings is called non-sage truth. Master Jing says: Relish is origin. Fault is suffering. Escape is cessation. Dharma-nature truth is namely non-established truth. Conviction truth is namely path truth. Sage truth is namely cessation and path. Non-sage truth refers to suffering and origin truths. Master Xing says: All contaminated dharmas that can generate loving mind are called relish truth. Also, the essence of love itself can defile favorable conditions, therefore called relish. The five desire realms can generate greed, hatred and other various faults, therefore called fault truth. Also, the essence of afflictions being that fault, therefore called fault truth. Being able to cut off the previous two is called escape truth. Suchness dharma-nature is called dharma-nature truth. Because superior faith and conviction arise regarding suchness dharma-nature, it is called conviction truth. What the Tathāgata establishes is called sage truth. What non-Buddhists establish is called non-sage truth. Observing what they establish, one does not attain sagehood. Regarding the sequence of the first four of origin-suffering-path-cessation, examining the meaning of the Yogācāra commentary seems somewhat contrary. Therefore the Ji commentary says: Escape means cessation. Truth or extends to path truth. Dharma-nature means suchness. In this chapter's meaning, escape is path truth. Dharma-nature is cessation truth. The text seems somewhat different but the meaning has no contradiction. Mental understanding and contemplation refers to the fifth conviction truth. In the two emptiness gates,
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making empty characteristics and contemplating with conviction. What sages know refers to the sixth sage truth. What ordinary beings know refers to the seventh non-sage truth.
"The first four truths... can be included in first conventional": This discusses mutual inclusion among the four levels, which is easy to understand. Non-two-sage-truths means the two truths known by ordinary beings, not the two truths known by sages, therefore called non-two-sage-truths.
"Elsewhere establishing... included in second ultimate": Relish-fault-escape means: within the five aggregates, observing the Four Noble Truths principles in three degrees, therefore combining into three. First is relish, namely observing origin truth. Second is fault, namely observing suffering truth. Third is escape, namely observing cessation truth. Only excluding path truth. Because this is the observer. "Should be known," etc. means: suffering, origin, cessation, path should be matched in sequence. Single and repeated two observations observing the four truths: single means partial meaning. Repeated means accumulated meaning. The three of relish, etc. are called repeated observation. In aggregate and other dharmas, repeatedly observing truths. The three of "should be known," etc. are called single observation. In causes and effects, etc., partially observing truths. "In the second observation excluding path" means: the three of relish, etc. are called the second observation. If following textual sequence, one could say the first. Now contrasting single and repeated, it is called the second observation. This meaning is as extensively explained in Abhidharmasamuccaya treatise fascicle 15, quoting the Relish Sūtra. Tradition says: single observation should be cultivated. Because this is the observer. Repeated observation is the previous six truths. Because this is the observed - this meaning is still difficult to understand. The enlightened should examine.
"Establishing eight truths... because sage causes differ": Among the eight, the first three are the three sufferings in sequence. Though neutral feelings are
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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror - Two Truths Chapter
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many, only taking neutral [feeling] corresponding to store consciousness as the specific characteristic of suffering of conditioning. The remaining various neutral feelings follow along, also taking pleasant feelings and various dharmas corresponding to roots and objects as the essence of suffering of destruction. Taking painful feelings and various dharmas corresponding to roots and objects as the essence nature of suffering of suffering. This follows differences. Saṃsāra is called transmigration truth. Nirvāṇa is called return-to-cessation truth. Another explanation: All Buddha Tathāgatas arising transformations from the true is called transmigration truth. Ceasing transformations and returning to the true is called return-to-cessation truth. The three defilements of birth, etc. are called defilement truth. The unconditioned attained by cutting off that is called purity truth. The uncontaminated noble path that can cut off that is called correct application truth. This lists the categories and reveals the reasons for establishment.
"First four and the... included in ultimate truth": This discusses mutual inclusion regarding the four levels. "First four and the sixth are included in second and third conventional truths and first and second ultimate truths," etc. means: The second conventional truth is the three categories of dharmas. The third conventional truth is Four Noble Truths principles. The first and second ultimate truths are also thus. The first three suffering truths are only suffering fruits and are included in suffering truth. The fourth transmigration and sixth defilement both extend to causes and effects. They are included in suffering and origin. Because they are defiled causes and effects. The reason for being included in second conventional and first ultimate is: the contaminated three categories are all three suffering natures. They are also saṃsāra dharmas. Saṃsāra dharmas also extend to the three defilements of birth, etc. Therefore the first four and the sixth truth are included in second conventional truth and first ultimate. The fifth return-to-cessation and seventh purity are included in the two truths of cessation and path in sequence. Because they are pure causes and effects. This speaks of essential nature. If speaking
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by association, the seventh purity also extends to the two emptinesses and one suchness. Therefore it says "or included in fourth conventional and third and fourth ultimate truths." The eighth correct application truth is uncontaminated path. This is also essential nature. Third conventional truth is included in second ultimate. Because it is path truth. If speaking by association, it also extends to the two emptinesses and one suchness. Therefore it says "included in fourth conventional truth and third ultimate."
"In the Śrīmālā Sūtra... because of non-establishment": Having-action and no-action each have four types. Small Vehicle truth contemplation, because there are still Mahāyāna truth contemplations to be cultivated afterward, is called having-action. Mahāyāna truth contemplation, because there are no other contemplations to be cultivated afterward, is called no-action. Also called measurable and immeasurable Four Noble Truths. In Small Vehicle dharma, though observing the Four Noble Truths, knowing general characteristics roughly is called measurable. In Mahāyāna dharma, knowing individually and subtly is called immeasurable. Like knowing countless sufferings within one suffering, the three of origin, cessation, and path are also likewise. "Corresponding to inferior and superior capacities," etc. means: Inferior culmination attaining ultimate fruit is called inferior capacity. Namely the Two Vehicles. Vast culmination attaining ultimate fruit is called superior capacity. Namely bodhisattvas. These two capacities are as explained in Abhidharmasamuccaya treatise fascicle 16. "Depending on explanation to reveal meaning is non-establishment" - Question: Non-establishment means abandoning explanation for meaning. No-action is also thus. Why now say "depending on explanation to reveal meaning is non-establishment"? Explanation: Master Zhizhou says: The name "non-establishment" extends to two meanings. First, only abandoning explanation. Different from no-action. Namely the Yogācāra treatise's non-established truth is only one. Second, saying "non" means the meaning of "without." Establishment is action. Names and words have different meanings, but essence has no distinctions.