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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror - Two Truths Chapter
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The sūtra says: "Because it is non-establishment, it is therefore no-action." Now [this passage] is explained according to the latter meaning, so there is no objection or difficulty.
"Explaining nine truths... second ultimate truth": Regarding the truth of impermanence, the *Xianyang lun* [*Revelation of the Profound*] calls it "expedient truth." The initial practice of impermanence can serve as an expedient means for suffering, emptiness, and so on. Therefore it is also called "expedient truth." Among these nine truths, impermanence, suffering, emptiness, and no-self are the truth of suffering. These are divided into four based on the four aspects of suffering. Love-of-existence and non-love-of-existence are the truth of arising. These are divided into two based on the two kinds of craving—craving for continued existence and craving for annihilation. That is: arising constant views regarding continued existence is called love-of-existence. Arising annihilationist views is called non-love-of-existence. The expedient means for cutting off those is namely the path. The truth that cuts off the previous two views of craving is called "the truth of the expedient means for cutting off those," because it is the uncontaminated preliminary practice. The remaindered [nirvāṇa] and remainder-free [nirvāṇa] are the truth of cessation. These latter three types are divided into three based on one being path and one being cessation. The mutual inclusion of the four levels can be understood from the text.
"Explaining ten truths... one unconditioned cessation": Among these ten truths, the first five are the truth of suffering, namely contaminated fruit. The sixth, truth of karma, and the seventh, afflictions, are the truth of arising, namely retributive causes. The eighth and ninth are the truth of the path, namely the supramundane path. The tenth is the truth of cessation, namely unconditioned cessation.
(Note: One manuscript omits these approximately fourteen characters.) Among these ten truths, the first five are the truth of suffering, namely unconditioned cessation.
"Among the five of the suffering truth... included in the second ultimate": "The first one includes the four sufferings," etc. means: within the first truth of pressing and cutting suffering, the four sufferings are included—namely the suffering of birth, the suffering of aging, the suffering of death, and the suffering of meeting with enemies. The four sufferings beginning with birth all arise from being pressed and afflicted, generating suffering. Therefore it is called the truth of pressing and cutting suffering. The second truth, the suffering of deficiency in wealth and position, is called in the *Xianyang lun* "the truth of insufficient enjoyment suffering." This is namely the suffering of not obtaining what one seeks. The third:
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The truth of the suffering of inequality of the elements is called in the *Xianyang lun* "the truth of the suffering of violating the nature of love." This is namely illness suffering, because it arises from the disharmony of the four elements generating suffering. Inequality means the same as disharmony. Master Xing says: The first, pressing and cutting suffering, includes only three sufferings: birth, aging, and death. The third, suffering of inequality of the elements, is the suffering of meeting with enemies. Because when meeting with enemies and adversaries, the body is made uneasy, it is called the suffering of inequality of the elements. The fourth, the suffering of the deterioration of what one loves, is called in the *Xianyang lun* simply "the truth of loving-and-hating suffering." This is namely the suffering of separation from loved ones. The fifth, coarse-and-heavy suffering, is a brief summary of all suffering of the five aggregates of grasping. Among the five of the suffering truth, the eight sufferings are included in their entirety. The expression "briefly including all suffering of the five aggregates of grasping" is also called "briefly explaining all suffering of the five aggregates of grasping." All sufferings are included within the contaminated aggregates of grasping. Therefore it says "briefly explaining all suffering of the five aggregates of grasping." The *Mahāvibhāṣā* chapter 78 says: Question—The suffering of the five aggregates of grasping is vast in measure. Why then is it called "brief"? Answer—Though suffering is vast, it is explained briefly, hence called "brief." The suffering and affliction of the five aggregates of grasping is extremely great and cannot be explained extensively. In order to cause those to be transformed to collectively generate aversion and renunciation, it is explained briefly. It is like a person who has many faults and transgressions that cannot be explained extensively. If asked about that person's faults, one can only answer comprehensively, "This is an extremely wicked person." Though the words are brief, the faults are exceedingly broad. It is also like this. Therefore it is called "briefly explaining all suffering of the five aggregates of grasping."
"Here briefly summarizing... the first of each of the ten truths": The verse says "non-empty, worldly, characteristic, suffering," etc. This verse solely versifies the ten truths of the Yogācāra, and does not versify the remaining text about what is to be known in between. "Non-empty" refers to the truth of non-falsity in the single-addition gate. "Worldly" refers to the first conventional truth in the two-addition gate. Next:
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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror - Two Truths Chapter
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"Characteristic" refers to the first characteristic truth in the three-addition gate. Next "suffering" refers to the first truth of suffering in the four-addition gate. Next "cause" refers to the first causal truth in the five-addition gate. Next "truth" refers to the first truth-of-truth in the six-addition gate. Next "love" refers to the first relish truth in the seven-addition gate. Next "action" refers to the first truth of the suffering nature of conditioning in the eight-addition gate. Next "impermanence" refers to the first truth of impermanence in the nine-addition gate. The last, "pressing and cutting," refers to the first truth of pressing and cutting suffering in the ten-addition gate. "The first of each of the ten progressive gates" means: beginning from the single addition and ending at the ten-addition, taking the first name from each and combining them, the rest are all summarized. This explains the meaning of the three sentences above. Tradition says: Question—Why is the truth name of the successive tenth not raised? Answer—If explained separately, they are the previous four truths, so they are not raised separately. This explanation is difficult to understand. "Pressing and cutting" refers to the first pressing and cutting suffering truth in the ten-addition gate. The text has already cited the verse—how could one further raise doubts? The detailed explanation of these ten truths is as given in the *Yogācārabhūmiśāstra*, *Xianyang [lun]*, commentaries and subcommentaries, and so forth.
"Distinctions through questions and answers... because of the latter three truths": Below this point there are altogether six questions and answers. Among them, the first one and the last two are the chapter master's questions and answers. The questions and answers in the middle are questions and answers from *Yogācārabhūmiśāstra* fascicle 64. This is the first question and answer. Namely, among the four levels, which are established and which are non-established? In the answer, the *Xianyang* sixth fascicle explains that all four types of conventional truths are established. The *Yogācāra* 64th fascicle explains that the fourth ultimate is non-established. Through these two passages, it becomes clear that the previous three ultimate truths are also of the nature of establishment. Because they are namely conventional. Because of the latter three truths.
"Question: If they are settled... also attaining liberation": The following three questions and answers are all from *Yogācārabhūmiśāstra* fascicle 64.
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Bondage of characteristics and bondage of coarseness-and-weight, etc.: The Great Tang Tripiṭaka Master says: There are two explanations from the Western regions. The first says: The aspect-portions of all contaminated [dharmas] are the substance of the bondage of characteristics. That is, because of the power of contaminated aspect-portions, the mind of the cognizing-portion, etc. cannot understand that all contaminated dharmas are like illusions, without true existence but with apparent existence. Because of ignorance, one then grasps that form, mind, and other dharmas truly exist. According to this explanation, characteristics are the bondage. Therefore it is called bondage of characteristics. This is namely a karmadhāraya compound interpretation. The second says: The manas-consciousness is the substance of the bondage of characteristics. That is, because of the power of the momentum of the four afflictions associated with the manas-consciousness, within the afflictions of the six consciousnesses, one cannot understand regarding the aspect-portions that they are like illusory things, etc. Therefore manas is said to be the bondage of characteristics. According to this explanation, characteristics means aspect-portions and bondage means manas. Because it is the bondage of characteristics, this is a tatpuruṣa compound interpretation. As for "bondage of coarseness-and-weight," there are also two kinds. First, the incapacity on top of contaminated dharmas is called bondage of coarseness-and-weight, which is neither identical to nor different from contaminated dharmas. Second, the seeds of the two hindrances are together called coarseness-and-weight. Through this power, the contaminated dharmas of the five aggregates and so forth are rendered incapable. This is called the bondage of coarseness-and-weight.
"Question: If non-established... therefore establishing the established": This is also the text of the treatise. "Having things to renounce," etc. and below is the chapter master's text. "Having things to renounce," etc. means: speaking generally of practice, there are briefly four types. First is cutting off obstructions. Second is cultivation. Third is seeking fruition. Fourth is knowing the object. These four types all extend through the five stages. "Cutting off obstructions" means: as in the five stages, suppressing and cutting off the two hindrances. In the stages of provisions and preliminary practices, one only suppresses without cutting off. In the latter three stages, one extends through both suppressing and cutting off. Next, "cultivation" means: in the five stages of provisions, etc., one is fully equipped with both the two practices of benefiting oneself and benefiting others, and the twenty pāramitās of merit and wisdom.