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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror - Two Truths Chapter
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Regarding "Question: These two truths... are they definitely the same or definitely different?": This passage is a question posed by the chapter master [the author]. "The *Renwang jing* (*Scripture for Humane Kings*) says," etc., refers to the passage from the Two Truths Chapter in the upper fascicle of that sūtra. "Wisdom should not be two" means: knowing the conventional is called "conventional wisdom," and knowing the ultimate is called "ultimate wisdom." If there were only one truth, wisdom should not be two. "Wisdom should not be one" means: ultimate wisdom understands the one [truth] and discusses the non-duality. If there are two truths [and therefore two wisdoms], it should not be one. "The *Nirvāṇa Sūtra* says," etc., refers to the thirteenth chapter. "Following living beings, [the Buddha] teaches the two truths" clarifies that the intent of teaching the two truths is for the sake of living beings. The wisdom of realization understands the one, provisionally establishes names and characteristics, and following living beings explains that there are two truths. These two passages have both been explained as above.
Regarding "The first conventional [truth]... [which is] called excluding the preceding characteristics": In the fourth sentence, "excluding the preceding characteristics" — the Commentary, fascicle one, says: "As for the fourth sentence, one should understand it by inverting the above. That is, inverting the third conjunctive sentence above. One should understand its meaning. What kind of dharmas are taken to form the fourth sentence? There are two interpretations here. The first says: within the third sentence there are precisely two meanings — namely affirmation and negation. If one affirms the ultimate and conventional, the third sentence is formed. If one negates the ultimate and conventional, the fourth sentence is formed. That is: because it is ultimate, it is not conventional; because it is conventional, it is not ultimate. Now when it says 'excluding the preceding characteristics,' it excludes the affirmative meaning of the third sentence. Therefore the negating meaning becomes the fourth sentence. How does one know this? The Ximing Commentary
(Note: This may refer to the *Vijñaptimātratā* Commentary or the *Saṃdhinirmocana* Commentary, fascicle one [from the 31st folio onward], where this meaning appears.)
In the first interpretation [in the Ximing Commentary], within the three sentences regarding the calculation of 'self' (*ātman*) and so forth in terms of the aggregates (*skandha*), it says: Question: By reason, there should be four sentences. Why are there only three sentences, without 'also-identical-also-separate'? Answer: 'Neither identical nor separate' is precisely 'also identical also separate,' therefore it is not separately stated. What is the meaning of this? If one affirms identity-and-separation, the third sentence is formed. If one negates identity-and-separation, the fourth sentence is formed. That is: because [they are] identical, [they are] not
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separate; because [they are] separate, [they are] not identical. Therefore the *Xianyang lun* (*Mahāyānasaṃgraha-vyākhyā*), the *Vibhāṣā*, and others all employ this explanation. The third and fourth sentences, while differing in meaning, are not separate in substance. However, this third sentence and fourth sentence are sometimes of the same substance, sometimes of different substance. One should understand this by analogy. The second interpretation says: Taking the non-existence of the base object (*mūlavastuni*) as the fourth sentence. How does one know this? The *Nirvāṇa Sūtra*, fascicle forty, says: 'Furthermore, Gautama, worldly dharmas have two [kinds]: first, existence; second, non-existence. Existence is like empty space; non-existence is like a rabbit's horns. Regarding these two dharmas: the first, because it exists, does not arise from causes and conditions; the second, because it does not exist, also does not arise from causes and conditions.' Since it already says that 'rabbit's horns do not arise from causes and conditions,' it is clearly known that [rabbit's horns are] neither conventional nor ultimate. However, in the *Nirvāṇa Sūtra*, fascicle thirteen, [when] it teaches that rabbit's horns and so forth are non-existent and calls it 'worldly truth,' this is because it explains [them] as the non-existence of the shadow [image], and therefore there is no contradiction. Question: If so, why does the sūtra say 'worldly dharmas have two kinds, namely empty space, rabbit's horns, etc.'? Since it already says 'worldly dharmas,' how can they not be subsumed under the conventional? Answer: The sūtra explains according to name; the present [interpretation] explains according to substance. Therefore there is no conflict.
Regarding "The fourth ultimate [truth]... also called ultimate": Below this passage, the meaning of establishing [the two truths] by setting the ultimate and conventional in opposition is explained in its entirety. Interpreting this mutual dependence (*xiāngdài*), the *Shūyō* (*Pivot Points*) upper [fascicle] says: "Briefly, there are three categories: first, the mutual dependence of the general and the particular; second, the mutual dependence of the particular and the rest; third, the mutual dependence of the general and the rest." For details, see that explanation. In this present chapter, only the first pair is indicated; the rest are not discussed for brevity. Now when it says "the fourth ultimate cannot be ultimate by itself; it is called 'ultimate' in dependence on the four conventional [truths]," etc., this is the first of the four sentences formed by the first category, that of general-and-particular mutual dependence. Therefore that text says: "First, the mutual opposition of general and particular: one should form four sentences. First, opposing the general conventional with the individual ultimate: there is one sentence. The ultimate that surpasses the four conventionals has only the last one; therefore, this is to set establishment and non-
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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror - Two Truths Chapter
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establishment in opposition to form a sentence. 'The first conventional cannot be conventional by itself; it is called conventional in dependence on the four ultimates,'" etc., is the second sentence among the four sentences formed by the second category of general-and-particular mutual opposition. Therefore that text says: "Second, opposing the individual conventional with the general ultimate: there are four sentences among which the ultimate that surpasses the conventional is all four, because they are all [ultimates]."
Regarding "The first ultimate [truth]... one ultimate is called conventional": "The first ultimate, waiting upon one conventional, is called supreme" means: contrasting the dharmas of the aggregates (*skandha*) and so forth with the dharmas of □ and so forth, they are called "supreme." Through to "the fourth ultimate, waiting upon the four conventionals, is called supreme" means: contrasting the one true dharma-realm (*dharmadhātu*) with the four levels of the conventional, it is called "supreme." "The first conventional, waiting upon the four ultimates, is called conventional," etc. — one should understand this by analogy. For details, see the *Shūyō*.
Regarding "Therefore, if there is a conventional [truth]... because it is established": This clarifies the meaning that the ultimate and conventional are not separate from each other. The ultimate is not ultimate by itself; it is ultimate because it depends on the conventional. Therefore, the preceding three ultimates are also explained as conventional. The conventional is not conventional by itself; it is conventional because it depends on the ultimate. Therefore, the latter three conventionals are also called ultimate. In this way, depending on each other and not separating from each other — this is the meaning of the ultimate and conventional. The "school of non-negation" (*fēiqiǎn zōng*) is like Bhāviveka (*Qingbian*) and others, who jointly negate all conditioned and unconditioned [dharmas]. The "school of both true and false coexistence" (*zhēnwàng jùcún zōng*) is like Dharmapāla (*Hùfǎ*) and others, who maintain and establish the meaning of the two truths, three natures, and so forth. Now, in order to refute the former school, [the author] says "it is not [the case that] one negates the dependent nature (*paratantra*) in order to realize the perfect consummation (*pariniṣpanna*)," etc.
Regarding "What has been explained thus far... [becomes] detailed and easy": This clarifies that the intent of collecting the meaning of the two truths is for the benefit of later students. Within this passage there are two [parts]. The first, from "what has been explained thus" to "unable to broadly expound," clarifies that the merit of the predecessors and virtuous masters in transmitting the Dharma has also closely benefited those of the present time. The second, from "Kuiji, following the course of translation" to
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"[becomes] detailed and easy," narrates how the light of Dharma Master Kuiji's transmission of the lamp shines far upon later students. "Briefly compiled from what was heard" (*lüèzuǎn suǒwén*): the earlier Master Yuan (*Yuǎn fǎshī*) and others, through the seven sūtras, interpreted the two truths of the four schools (*sìzōng*). Now [Kuiji,] the Great Vehicle Basis, through the seven sūtras, mapped the two truths of the four levels. Although the meaning transmitted by the earlier masters was as it should be, there were still deficiencies. Kuiji used what he had heard and compiled (*zuǎn*) the ancient deficiencies. Therefore it says "briefly compiled from what was heard." "Zuǎn" is the fanqie (*fǎnqiē*) reading of "zǐ-huǎn" (the reverse of: zǐ [子] + huǎn [緩], giving the final sound), meaning "to continue" or "to compile." "Afterwards further consulted and examined" (*hòu gèng zīshěn*): receiving the explanations of the Tripiṭaka master [Xuanzang], he researched and carefully examined the profound doctrine (*xuánzōng*). Therefore it says "afterwards further consulted and examined." "Zī" is the fanqie reading of "zǐ-cí" (子辭反), meaning to consult. In the *Zuoshi zhuan* (*Commentary of Zuo*), "visiting and asking about the good is called *zī*." Du Yu commented: "Asking about the good way." In the *Erya*, "*zī* means to deliberate." "*Biān*" is the fanqie reading of "bēi-mián" (卑綿反), meaning "to arrange in a sequence," "to weave," and also "to compare and connect."
Regarding "One may say the meaning is lofty... the jade disc of [He] Hé (*hé*), nothing more": This clarifies that the profound meaning expounded is without compare. The two truths of ultimate and conventional have been clarified in ancient and modern times, but forming them into four levels — one had never heard of such a thing. This newly [found] deep meaning is truly worthy of praise. Therefore it says "one may say the meaning is lofty as a thousand autumns (*qiānyè*), etc." "Qiānyè" is another name for "a thousand years" (*qiānsuì*). The ultimate principle is profoundly mysterious (*chōngxuán*), increasingly verified here. How can [mere] praise and chanting be sufficient to give full expression to feelings of joy? Therefore it says "praise, chanting, singing, and intoning, etc." "Resonating with Boya's lute," etc. — this narrates the relative merits of transmitting and benefiting [others]. Consulting the *Lüshi chunqiu* (*Spring and Autumn Annals of Master Lü*), it says: "Boya played the lute. Zhong Ziqi listened to it. When Boya's mind was on Mount Tai, Zhong Ziqi said: 'How splendid! Towering like Mount Tai.' After a moment, when his intent was on flowing water, Ziqi said: 'How splendid! Vast and flowing like a great river.' When Ziqi died, Boya smashed his lute and cut the strings, and for the rest of his life never played again."