英語訳
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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror - Severing Obstacles Chapter
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(Boya) considered that there was no one in the world who truly understood his music, and so he never played again. "Exhausting Bian He's jade disc" — the *Shiji* (*Records of the Grand Historian*)
(Note: This is not the full text of the *Shiji*. It appears after the biography of Lu Zhonglian in *Shiji* fascicle 83, but the text quoted here is closer to the *Hanfeizi*.)
says: "Bian He, a man of Jǐng-lǐ in the state of Chu, obtained an uncut jade (*yùpú*) in the valley of Mount Jing-Kunlun and presented it to King Li. The king said it was merely stone, and had Bian He's right foot amputated for deceiving him. King Li died, and his son King Wu ascended the throne. Bian He again presented it [to King Wu]. King Wu also said it was stone, and immediately had his left foot amputated. Unable to endure the injustice, Bian He embraced the uncut jade and wept at the foot of Mount Jing. When his tears were exhausted, he continued weeping blood. Mount Jing shook and crumbled. King Wu died, and his son King Cheng ascended the throne. Bian He again presented it. King Cheng had craftsmen examine it, and it proved to be the night-luminous jade disc (*yèguāng zhī bì*). Therefore the poem of Xie Huilian says: 'Do not plant orchids at the gate. Do not take jade to Chu. In Chu there is no one who can tell jade apart; the gate is no place for planting orchids.'" This is the story of Bian He. There are differing accounts; for details, see the *Qin Lou shi* (*Poems of the Lute Tower*), the *Han ji*, together with the *Shiji* and the annotations to the *Qianzi wen* (*Thousand Character Classic*), and so forth.
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*Hōon Gikyō* Fascicle Two (in large characters)
Composed by Zhūshàng
Severing Obstacles Chapter (*Duàn Zhàng Zhāng*)
Regarding "I. Explanation of the Name... question-and-answer discrimination": Examining the *Zuan* (*Compilation*), among these ten gates (*mén*), the fifth and sixth gates are subsumed into the fourth gate, which is then further divided into two gates to form the fifth and sixth. The first is the "Gate of the Level at Which Obstacles Are Severed" (*yī duàn dì mén*); the second is the "Gate of the Distinctions of Fruits Attained" (*dé guǒ chā bié mén*). The remaining gates are the same as this. For details, see that explanation. "According to discrimination of consciousness (*vijñāna*), etc." refers to the six consciousnesses, the eight consciousnesses, and so forth. "According to the path (*mārga*)" refers to the four paths — preparatory practice (*prayoga*) and so forth. "According to contemplation (*guān*)" refers to the contemplations of Mere Consciousness (*vijñaptimātratā*), the two kinds of emptiness (*śūnyatā*), and so forth. "According to practice (*xíng*)" refers to the three practices of emptiness (*śūnya*), signlessness (*animitta*), and so forth; the six practices of suffering (*duḥkha*), coarseness (*audārika*), and so forth; the four noble truths and sixteen practices, and so forth. "According to grade (*pǐn*)" refers to the realms (*dhātu*), levels (*bhūmi*), nine grades, and so forth. "According to obstacles (*āvaraṇa*)" refers to the two obstacles, three obstacles, and so forth. "The support (*āśraya*)" refers to the supporting body, level, and so forth.
Regarding "First, Explanation of the Name... therefore the name 'obstacle' is established": "Obstacle to what is to be known" (*jñeyāvaraṇa*): in Sanskrit, this is called "*jñeya*" (*ér yán*), which is translated here as "what is to be known" (*suǒ zhī*). "*Kleśa*" (*xié sǎ shuò*) is translated here as "affliction" (*fánnǎo*). "*Āvaraṇa*" (*ā fá lài nán*) is translated here as "obstacle" (*zhàng*). "Fan" (煩) is the meaning of "disturbance" (*rǎo*); "nao" (惱) is the meaning of "disorder" (*luàn*). [Afflictions] disturb sentient beings and prevent them from emerging from the sea of suffering of birth-and-death. Therefore they are named "affliction obstacle" (*kleśāvaraṇa*). As for "obstacle to what is to be known" (*jñeyāvaraṇa*): all dharmas — whether existent or non-existent — are all "what is to be known." Through the category of attachment to dharmas (*dharmāgraha*) covering and obstructing what is to be known, wisdom is prevented from arising. Therefore they are named "obstacle to what is to be known." This is based on the six-compound analysis (*ṣaṭ-samāsa*), as explained in fascicle nine of the *Yuishiki sho* (*Commentary on the Vijñaptimātratā*)
(Reference: End fascicle, thirty-second folio, verso.)
Question: Regarding the two meanings of "covering" (*fù*) and
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"obstructing" (*hé*): what distinction is there between them? Is the obstacle to what is to be known called "covering," and the affliction obstacle called "obstructing"? Answer: One interpretation holds that the meaning of "covering" applies to both [obstacles], while the meaning of "obstructing" pertains only to the affliction obstacle. The reason for this is as follows: "obstructing" (*hé*) has the meaning of "hindering" (*ài*); [the affliction obstacle] that confines and hinders sentient beings and causes them to remain in birth-and-death pertains only to the affliction obstacle. Therefore the two meanings are distinct. I [the author] now hold that this is not so, because the two meanings mutually apply to both. Master Zhìzhōu
(Reference: appears in the right column of *Entering the Path Chapter* (*Rùdào zhāng*), lower fascicle, [thirty-third folio])
says: "This very affliction covers and conceals nirvāṇa, preventing the attainment of liberation. This is called the 'affliction obstacle.' It hinders the mind that is capable of cognizing (*ālambana-citta*), causing the mind not to understand and comprehend its object. This is called the 'obstacle to what is to be known.'" In truth, the two obstacles both obstruct the two fruits. Master Zhou is one who assists the chapter master, and therefore [his words] are cited as evidence. Regarding "obstructing the great nirvāṇa, etc.": Question: What nirvāṇa is the "great nirvāṇa"? If it is the non-abiding nirvāṇa (*apratiṣṭhita-nirvāṇa*), then it should be said that it is attained by severing the obstacle to what is to be known. Why does the text say "the affliction obstacle obstructs the great nirvāṇa"? If it is the nirvāṇa with remainder (*sopadhiśeṣa*), and so forth, then that cessation is not "great." How then does it say "obstructs the great nirvāṇa"? Answer: The four kinds of nirvāṇa realized by the Tathāgata are all named "great." Even while abiding within the two cessations (*nirodha*), the function of wisdom and compassion constantly operates without resting. Therefore they are all collectively named "great." Hence fascicle nine of the *Treatise* says: "By transforming the afflictions, one attains the great nirvāṇa. By transforming the obstacle to what is to be known, one realizes the unsurpassed awakening (*anuttara-bodhi*)." Question: By what means does one know that all four are named "great"? Answer: The Commentary (*sho*),
(Reference: first *hon* [fascicle], thirty-first folio, verso)
fascicle one, says: "Furthermore, the two vehicles (*dviyāna*) and others, although they attain the two cessations and dwell within these two, do not thereby attain the non-abiding [nirvāṇa]. Their liberation is not true [liberation]. To the extent that it says 'because what is displayed by the cessation with remainder-of-support and the cessation without remainder-of-support...'" For details, see that explanation.
Regarding "Severance means non-continuation... this is a *jiye* compound": Below this, in explaining the concept of "severance," there are three interpretations. This is
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the first interpretation. [In this interpretation,] the name "severance" (*duàn*) is established based on "what is severed" (*suǒ duàn*). "By means of the uncontaminated path (*anāsrava-mārga*), one severs the seed (*bīja*), etc." — regarding severance,
(Note: from "regarding severance" onward, follows the beginning right column of the lower end of the *Entering the Path Chapter*.)
there are two [aspects]: first, severing the seeds and so forth, causing there to be no remainder whatsoever; second, merely suppressing and subduing, causing the power of the seeds to diminish and not give rise to manifest afflictions (*paryavasthāna*). If one "severs the seed," only the uncontaminated wisdom (*anāsrava-jñāna*) [can do so]. If one "causes the power to diminish," both contaminated (*sāsrava*) and uncontaminated wisdom can accomplish this. Now, saying "the meaning of non-continuation" covers both of these two [aspects]. It is transmitted [in some accounts] that if [one follows] this text, only the seed is called "severance" (*duàn*), and only the manifest [affliction] is called "suppression" (*fú*). [The author then] himself elaborates: however, this is not so now. The names "severance" and "suppression" both apply to seeds and manifest [afflictions] alike. For details, see that record. I [the author] now hold that this is not so. [That account] has taken the chapter master's meaning and turned it into its own meaning — how could it be the chapter master's intent? It is not the case that manifest [afflictions] are also called "severance." Fascicle ten says: "If it is suppression-severance, folding the power of the seed so that it does not give rise to manifest activity is called 'suppressing' (*fú*) the manifest activity (*samudācāra*)," etc. It already says "the manifest [activity] is also called severance." Therefore it is known: the names "severance" and "suppression" mutually apply to manifest activity and seeds. However, in this present text, when it says "severing the seed, etc.," it singled out the principal severance (*zhèng duàn*) exclusively, and did not discuss suppression-severance. Therefore there is no contradiction.
Regarding "Also interpreting 'severance'... [this is a] *yīzhǔ* compound": This is the second interpretation. [In this interpretation,] the name "severance" is established based on "that which severs" (*néng duàn*). The expression "the meaning of elimination and harm" (*chú hài yì*): the contaminated and uncontaminated paths are the "capable eliminators-and-harmers" (*néng chúhài*). The manifest activities and seeds of the two obstacles are the "objects of elimination and harm" (*suǒ chúhài*). Now, one takes the capable [agent] to distinguish it from the object. Therefore it says "the capable-severer is called 'severance.'" Question: Regarding the two meanings of "elimination" (*chú*) and "harm" (*hài*), what distinction is there? Is the seed called "elimination" and the manifest activity called "harm"? One interpretation holds: "elimination" is the meaning of "pulling out and removing" (*báchú*); "harm" is the meaning of "breaking and injuring" (*zhéhài*). Just as when removing weeds from among the sprouts: pulling out by the root serves as a simile for the seed; snapping the stem serves as a simile for the manifest [activity]. By this analogy the two meanings of elimination and harm are distinct. I [the author] now hold that this is not so. The two meanings mutually apply to both [seeds and manifest activities], because fascicle [n] of the *Treatise* says—