英語訳
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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror — Severing Obstacles Chapter
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In [fascicle] ten, [the text] explains "the transformation of diminishing capacity and augmenting ability" (*sǔn lì yì néng zhuǎn*) and says: "One diminishes the potency of the defiled seeds in the base consciousness (*ālayavijñāna*), and augments the functional capacity of the pure seeds within the base consciousness." The word "diminish" (*sǔn*) means "damage and harm" (*sǔn hài*). It thus says "diminish and harm the seeds." This makes it clear that the two meanings ["elimination" and "harm"] mutually apply to both [seeds and manifest activities].
Question: "Causing non-continuation" and "being capable of eliminating and harming" are both the power of the path. Why does one not take the meaning of "non-continuation" but instead take only the meaning of "capable of eliminating and harming" to establish the name "severance"? Answer: The meaning of "non-continuation" is strong with respect to "what is to be treated" (*suǒ zhì*, the object of treatment), while the meaning of "eliminating and harming" is superior with respect to "what does the treating" (*néng zhì*, the agent of treatment). Since each [interpretation] follows what is superior [in its respective aspect] to establish the name, the first and second interpretations each have their distinct meanings.
Regarding "Also interpreting 'severance'... [this is] the name 'obstacle'": This is the third interpretation. [In this interpretation,] the name "severance" (*duàn*) is established based on the "basis of severance" (*duàn yī*). "The nature is the true principle, etc.": [the three aspects] should be correlated to the previous three interpretations in reverse order. "The obstacle is what is severed" corresponds to the first interpretation, "non-continuation." "The path is the function of severing" corresponds to the second interpretation, "elimination and harm." "The nature is the true principle; the principle is the nature of severance" corresponds to the third interpretation, "non-arising." The passage on the three transformations of the basis (*āśraya-parāvṛtti*) should also be understood by analogy with this. As for "if what is ceased (*suǒ miè*), etc.": there is no such text at all in *Duìfǎ* (*Abhidharmasamuccaya*) fascicle nine. However, that treatise
(Reference: *Duìfǎ* fascicle 8 [twelfth folio, verso]; also fascicle 10 [fourteenth folio, verso])
fascicle eight says: "True suchness (*tathatā*), the holy path (*āryamārga*), and the non-arising of afflictions — [these correspond to] 'the support of cessation,' 'the capable-cessation,' and 'the nature of cessation' — this is the characteristic of the truth of cessation (*nirodha-satya*)." Answer: True suchness is the support (*āśraya*) of cessation; the holy path is the capable-cessation (*néng miè*); the non-arising of afflictions is the nature of cessation (*miè xìng*). The nature of cessation is precisely the meaning of "the obstacle not continuing" (*zhàng bù xù yì*). By correlating [these] to the three interpretations above in reverse order: the truth of cessation is precisely the meaning of severing obstacles — therefore the three meanings are used to interpret the severing of obstacles. Furthermore, explaining these three meanings through "transformation of the basis in terms of mind" (*xīn zhuǎndī*), "transformation of the basis in terms of the path" (*dào zhuǎndī*), "transformation of the basis in terms of coarse heaviness (*dauṣṭhulya*)" (*cūzhòng zhuǎndī*), and "the meaning of liberation" (*jiětuō yì*) is as explained in the *Zuǎn* (*Compilation*).
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Regarding "Second, Manifesting the Essence ... as the essential nature": Among the two obstacles, if it is the affliction obstacle (*kleśāvaraṇa*), it takes the attachment to personal self (*pudgala-ātmagrāha*) as its head and chief, with all one hundred and twenty-eight root afflictions (*mūla-kleśa*) and twenty-two secondary afflictions (*upakleśa*) as its essence. If it is the obstacle to what is to be known (*jñeyāvaraṇa*), it takes the attachment to dharma-self (*dharma-ātmagrāha*) as its head and chief, with all one hundred and twenty-eight root afflictions and twenty-two secondary afflictions as its essence. Why are the numbers of the two obstacles equal? The afflictions (*kleśa*) are established in dependence on the obstacle to what is to be known; because of the relationship between the dependent (*néng yī*) and the support (*suǒ yī*), the numbers are equal. Therefore the *Chéngwéishíjùn*
(Fascicle nine, [fifth folio, verso])
says: "The obstacle to what is to be known, following what is appropriate, is either more or fewer [in number] — [this is] stated in the same way as the affliction obstacle." One can understand by analogy from this. Therefore [the numbers are] the same as the affliction obstacle. Based on these two obstacles, there are further two kinds: first, those severed at the path of seeing (*darśana-mārga*); second, those severed at the path of cultivation (*bhāvanā-mārga*). Within each of these, there are seeds, manifest activities, residual impressions (*vāsanā*), karma, fruits, and so forth. All these various obstacles constitute the "essential objects to be severed" (*suǒ duàn tǐ*). For details, see the explanation in fascicle one of the *Xiǎnyáng* (*Mahāyānasaṃgraha-abhidharma*)
([Fascicle one,] eighteenth folio, verso).
Regarding "Therefore *Duìfǎ* says... severed at the path of seeing": Now [the text] cites these six passages to demonstrate that karma, fruits, and so forth also extend to [the category of] what is to be severed. This is the first passage. It is the text of *Duìfǎ Lùn* (*Abhidharmasamuccaya*) fascicle four. "Namely, below 'three evil destinies' is the chapter master's own text." "All defiled views and doubts arising from [conceptual] discrimination (*parikalpita*), etc." — [this phrase] distinguishes innately arisen afflictions (*sahaja-kleśa*). Therefore it says "discrimination." "View" (*dṛṣṭi*) applies to both defiled and pure [categories]. The pure [view] is like [the views at] the path of seeing. "Doubt" (*vicikitsā*) is likewise the same. As for "pure doubt": [this is] as in the *Nirvāṇa Sūtra*
(Reference: Northern recension, fascicle 34, [twelfth paper])
[which says]: "Those who can arouse doubt concerning buddha-nature break and destroy immeasurable afflictions that they possess." In order to distinguish the views and doubts belonging to the pure aspect, it says "defiled." As for "the locus of view, the locus of doubt" (*jiànchù*, *yíchù*): these are the causal loci that are co-present (*samprayukta*) and co-arisen (*sahabhū*) with view and doubt, together with the seed-causal loci. "Locus" (*chù*) has the meaning of "support" (*suǒ yī*). Because the cause serves as the support, the fruit is then able to arise — therefore [the cause] is called "locus." "The causes of co-presence (*samprayukta*) and co-arising (*sahabhū*)"
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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror — Severing Obstacles Chapter
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are the omnipresent [mental factors] (*sarvatraga*) and object-determining [mental factors] (*viniyata*), together with the mind-king (*citta-rāja*) — not the other mental concomitants (*caitasika*). [The text is] also alternatively interpreted [as follows]: [these] also extend to root [afflictions], secondary afflictions, and indeterminate [mental factors]. The two causes of manifest activity and seeds are both called "dependent loci." "And by means of the physical and verbal karma (*kāya-vāk-karman*) produced by views and so forth": this extends to the three [types of] volitional formations (*saṃskāra*) — namely meritorious (*puṇya*), demeritorious (*apuṇya*), and immovable (*āneñja*) [formations]. "Together with all evil destinies (*apāya*), etc.": this cites the retribution of the three evil paths (*trisora*), and additionally includes the retribution of the eighth existence (*aṣṭamabhava*) in the desire realm (*kāmadhātu*), and so forth.
Question: Among the various karmas and fruits, how many involve "severance of essential nature" (*svabhāva-prahāṇa*), how many involve "severance by non-arising" (*anutpāda-prahāṇa*), and how many are incapable of being severed (*aprahātavya*)? Answer: Among demeritorious karma, the collective and individual karma of the three evil paths is exclusively severed by essential nature. The remaining evil karma of humans and gods has both [cases of] being severed and not being severed. Among meritorious and immovable karma: for persons of the two vehicles (*dviyāna*), the karma of the eighth existence, [the karma of being reborn as] a woman, a hermaphrodite (*ubhayavyañjanaka*), a eunuch (*paṇḍaka*), in the two modes of egg-born and moisture-born birth, in the Northern Continent (*Uttarakuru*), in the Thoughtless Heaven (*asaṃjñika*), and as the second existence in the various [heavens of the] upper realms — all of these are severed by non-arising. If stated in terms of retributive fruit: the retribution of the three evil paths and the retribution of the eighth existence in the desire realm, and so forth, are all severed by non-arising. For a bodhisattva at the path of seeing, all collective and individual evil karma can also [be said to] extend to being severable. [As for] the [karma of being reborn as] a woman and the eighth existence and so forth, and all virtuous karma — all of these are not severed. The retribution of the eighth existence and so forth is also entirely not severed, because [the bodhisattva] is permitted to receive multiple lives.
Question: Why are views and doubts severed first, and only afterward are the rest severed? Answer: Because three of the [wrong] views — [the view of a fixed self?], the view of extremes (*antagrāha-dṛṣṭi*), wrong view (*mithyā-dṛṣṭi*), and view-grasping (*dṛṣṭi-parāmarśa*) — together with doubt (*vicikitsā*), are exclusively severed at the path of seeing. Furthermore, "view" is able to thoroughly discriminate self (*ātman*), mine (*ātmīya*), and so forth, obstructing the principle of selflessness (*anātman*), with its function being particularly intensified and generating the rest [of the afflictions]. Alternatively, by means of "view" realizing the principle, one first severs the various views; because [the practitioner] reaches certainty on the path of seeing, doubts are next removed. The remaining afflictions are all induced and generated by views, and therefore are severed afterward.
(Note: The character *yǐ* [矣] — one edition reads *wúmíng* [無明, "ignorance"]; this may also be semantically valid. Consult *Duìfǎ Shū* fascicle six [thirty-fifth folio, verso].)
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It is difficult [to say that] ignorance (*avidyā*) can again serve as a cause of view (*dṛṣṭi*). Because the power of view is augmented, view takes precedence. These questions and answers are as [found] in the *Duìfǎ Shū* (*Commentary on the Abhidharmasamuccaya*).
Regarding "'Saṃdhinirmocana-sūtra'... all are what is to be severed": This is the next two passages. [They] demonstrate that karma and fruits arising from [conceptual] discrimination are all [what is] to be severed. "Below 'nirvāṇa without remainder' is the chapter master's own text." There is no such passage at all in fascicle three of the *Saṃdhinirmocana* — it only appears in fascicle four. Therefore that fascicle says: "In the first bhūmi, the ignorance that clings to personal-self (*pudgala-ātman*) and dharma-self (*dharma-ātman*), and the defilement of afflictions of the evil destinies, are all in all ignorance." The *Yogācārabhūmi* fascicle seventy-eight says: "That is, at the first bhūmi there are two kinds of foolishness. The first is the foolishness of clinging to *pudgala* (personal self) and dharmas. The second is the foolishness of the defilement of the evil destinies — and these, together with their coarse-heaviness (*dauṣṭhulya*), are [what is to be] counteracted [at that stage]," etc. In this present text, [the treatise] identifies the second foolishness. "Foolishness of defilement of evil destinies" (*è qù zárǎn yú*): the word "defilement" (*zárǎn*) extends to the three [evil] destinies. Calling both the karma and fruit produced by defiled discrimination "destinies" (*qù*) is a term of derision/reproach — as when [the text] calls a "eunuch" (*paṇḍaka*) a "person's evil destiny." Why are karma and fruit also called "foolishness" (*yú*)? Although the essential nature of the various karmas and fruits is not foolishness, karma is what is generated by foolishness, and fruit is what is brought about by foolishness — being of the category of foolishness, they are also called "foolishness." "Namely, these evil-destiny karmas and fruits, etc." — the character *děng* ("etc.") additionally includes the individually retributive karma (*prātiniyata-karma*) and fruits arising from discrimination within the good destinies.
(Note: One edition of "yīng" [応/should] reads "zhí" [直/directly].)
If one were to say only "evil destinies," [the text] would not be able to encompass [everything], hence [the word "etc."]. "Because nirvāṇa without remainder is already the *pratisaṃkhyā-nirodha* (analytical cessation), etc." — this is [the section that] demonstrates (note: *zhèng* [証] is perhaps a scribal error for *chéng* [成]) — by [realizing the] principle (note: *mí* [迷] is perhaps a scribal error for *dào* [道]) — that karma and fruit arising from innately-born afflictions (*sahaja-kleśa*) are also [what is] to be severed; it does not mean [this passage is] demonstrating what is severed at the first bhūmi above. Looking broadly at this text,