英語訳
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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror — Severing Obstacles Chapter
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It appears as though, by severing karma and fruit, one separately obtains the analytical cessation (*pratisaṃkhyā-nirodha*, *択滅*). However, it is not so in this case. Previously, during the stage of the nirvāṇa with remainder (*有余涅槃*), one has already obtained the analytical cessation that constitutes the essence of nirvāṇa without remainder (*無余涅槃*). Now, upon entering nirvāṇa without remainder, the karma and fruit that one possesses ultimately cease to arise, and one obtains the non-analytical cessation (*apratisaṃkhyā-nirodha*, *非択滅*). It is not the case that one obtains a separate analytical cessation by extinguishing that [karma and fruit]. When the text now says "nirvāṇa without remainder is already the analytical cessation," it is speaking from the perspective of following the fruit from the cause: taking afflictions as the cause and karma-and-fruit as the fruit, the fruit follows the cause, and therefore is said to be [under the category of] analytical cessation. This passage is somewhat obscure. Students should reflect carefully upon it.
Regarding "'Saṃdhinirmocana-sūtra'... all are also what is to be severed": This is the next two passages. [They] demonstrate that even karma and fruit produced by the obstacle to what is to be known (*jñeyāvaraṇa*, *所知障*) are all [what is] to be severed. The phrase "the foolishness of the many kinds of karmic destinies" (*種種業趣愚*) reveals the erroneous transgressions of the three types of actions (*tri-karma*, *三業*) produced by that [obstacle]. Because they are not singular, [the text] says "many kinds." Dàoxuān of Xīmíng [Monastery] explains
(Reference: Xīmíng's *Commentary on the Saṃdhinirmocana Sūtra*, fascicle 4 [intended meaning of the 47th paper])
[as follows]: "'Destiny' (*qù*, *趣*) carries the meaning of proceeding and heading toward the thing being done." Cí'ēn [Master Kuījī] explains
(Reference: *Chéngyuán述記*, fascicle 10 main text [65th folio, verso])
[as follows]: "This karma is capable of obstructing the pure moral discipline (*śīla*) of the second bhūmi. Therefore it is called 'destiny.' To use this as a term of reproach and blame is like calling a person an 'evil destiny.' One cannot say it is called a 'destiny' because it takes up [an evil] destiny — because it does not receive an evil fruit. Rather, [it is called 'destiny'] because it belongs to the category of foolishness." As for "erroneously transgressing the three types of action": even a bodhisattva of the first bhūmi, while not committing intrinsically prohibited acts (*性罪*, *pārājika* offenses), still unwittingly has transgressions with regard to contingently prohibited acts (*遮罪*, offenses prohibited by circumstance). Therefore the *Compendium of the Mahāyāna* (*摂論*, *Mahāyānasaṃgraha*) says: "Because [the bodhisattva] has become extremely distant from the stain of breaking precepts." Vasubandhu explains
(Reference: Vasubandhu's commentary, fascicle 7 [17th folio, verso])
[as follows]: "The intrinsic precepts are fulfilled [by the bodhisattva at the first bhūmi]. This is unlike the deliberate and reflective guarding of precepts at the first bhūmi." The *Shūyō* (*Fǎhuā Xuányì Shūyào*)
(Reference: [Fascicle] 4 末 [12th folio, recto])
[in its] latter [section] says: "A bodhisattva of the second bhūmi is like [a being walking a path] where insects naturally part the road of their own accord and are naturally unharmed — thus there is no erroneous transgression. The first bhūmi is not so; there are still erroneous transgressions."
Question: [The *Chéngyuán*] treatise
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fascicle eight says: "As for the obstacle to what is to be known (*jñeyāvaraṇa*), it also cannot generate karma." Answer: The commentary (*shū*) fascicle ten says: "If [we speak of karma that] generates karma and invites [rebirth in] saṃsāra, then the obstacle to what is to be known is also unable [to do this] — because it is not a dharma of bondage (*縛*, *bandhana*). In the previous fascicle eight, [the text] explains this as 'cannot generate [karma].' However, if [we speak of] the three types of action that obstruct wisdom, even without inviting evil fruits, this [obstacle] is also capable of generating [such actions]. What this passage makes clear is solely the karma and fruit of equal flow (*等流*, *niṣyanda*) and enhancement (*増上*, *adhipati*)."
Question: If the attachment to dharmas (*法我執*, *dharma-ātmagrāha*) is already [characterized as] unwholesome, why is it not [considered to be] bondage (*縛*)? Answer: It is not the case that merely by being unwholesome, [something's] very nature is bondage. Just as the nature of the mind-king (*citta-rāja*), etc., is not bondage, the attachment to dharmas only becomes unwholesome by virtue of being co-present with afflictions (*kleśa*); its own nature is not bondage.
Question: If that is the case, why does it not produce retributive fruits (*異熟*, *vipāka*)? Answer: Even though [the obstacle to what is to be known] is co-present with an unwholesome mind, it is still classified as morally indeterminate (*無記*, *avyākṛta*). What bodhisattvas and practitioners of the two vehicles (*dviyāna*) aim for differs respectively. Because [the obstacle to what is to be known] extends to both veiled (*有覆*, *nivṛtāvyākṛta*) and unveiled (*無覆*, *anivṛtāvyākṛta*) [types of] indeterminate [dharmas], it is not capable of generating retributive fruits (*vipāka-phala*).
Regarding "'Buddhabhūmi-sūtra' (or *Buddhabhūmyupadeśa*)... both are what is to be severed": This is the sixth and last passage in what follows. [It] proves that all dharmas such as karma and fruit of the two obstacles are [what is] to be severed. Within the affliction obstacle (*kleśāvaraṇa*) there is karma and there is fruit. The demeritorious, meritorious, and immovable forms of karma are called "produced karma" (*所発業*). The coarse-featured fruit of the segmented life-and-death (*分段生死*, *pariccheda-cyutyupapāda*) is called "obtained fruit" (*所得果*). Within the obstacle to what is to be known, there are also karma and fruit. The various forms of discriminative (*有分別*) pure (*無漏*) wholesome karma are called "produced karma." The subtle-featured fruit of the transformative life-and-death (*変易生死*, *paṇḍita-cyutyupapāda*) is called "obtained fruit." Karma and fruit such as these — taking the root to encompass the branches — are all encompassed [within the two obstacles]. Therefore [the text] says "all are encompassed by the two obstacles."
Regarding "The essential nature of what can sever the obstacles... gradually and suddenly subduing them": The above explained "what is to be severed."
(Marginal note: "Regarding the two lines of text from 'what is to be severed' to 'abandonment,' the commentary here is lacking.")
What follows explains "what does the severing." "Subduing the potency of the seeds so that they do not give rise to manifest activities" — this is why [the path] is called the "subduing path" (*伏道*). This applies to both
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Dharma Garden Meaning Mirror — Severing Obstacles Chapter
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conditioned (*有漏*, *sāsrava*) and unconditioned (*無漏*, *anāsrava*) [paths], etc. In the Mahāyāna [tradition],
(Reference: *Shūji述記* fascicle 10, latter [section], [23rd folio, verso]. The following passage is also quoted in full.)
[The Master] Kuījī says: "As for the conditioned path, [it consists of] the six-contemplations (*六行*, *ṣaḍabhijñā*) and so forth. As for the unconditioned path — for example, by means of the non-discriminative wisdom (*nirvikalpajñāna*) of the third bhūmi severing the potency of the obstacle to what is to be known co-present with attachment to meditative dharmas (*定法愛*), [thereby] causing the afflictions not to become manifest — this is called 'subduing the affliction obstacle.' It is not that a separate path is generated and called 'subduing the afflictions.' The same may be understood for the obstacle to what is to be known. Also, as in [the example of] leaving behind the desire of the third meditative absorption (*dhyāna*), subduing the afflictions at the level of the four concentrations and above, and entering cessation-attainment (*nirodha-samāpatti*) — this is using post-attainment wisdom (*後得智*, *pṛṣṭha-labdha-jñāna*) to subdue the two obstacles." Xīmíng explains: "The conditioned subduing path has two meanings. First: practicing the six-contemplation meditation (*六行観*), subduing the afflictions to be severed by the path of cultivation (*bhāvanā-mārga*) of the lower realms and levels, causing them not to arise in manifest activity. Second: practicing the two-emptiness meditation (*二空観*), broadly subduing the two obstacles, causing them not to arise in manifest activity. The present intent of this treatise takes the latter [interpretation], and it does not explain [separately] the subduing of obstacles at the ten bhūmis — this [second meaning] therefore extends from before the bhūmis all the way to the seventh bhūmi. As for the unconditioned subduing path, it broadly encompasses the four [paths of] preparatory engagement (*加行道*), uninterrupted [path] (*無間道*, *ānantarya-mārga*), and so forth. Relative to the obstacles one severs oneself, it is called the 'severing path.' Relative to obstacles of other categories, it is the 'subduing path.' Because the referential standpoint differs." Since this is the intent, the text says: "This extends to the two paths — conditioned and unconditioned — and the three wisdoms of preparatory engagement, etc." As for "following what is appropriate, gradually or suddenly subduing them": the preparatory-engagement path (*加行道*) is capable of gradual subduing; the root wisdom (*根本智*, *mūla-jñāna*) and post-attainment wisdom (*後得智*) subdue suddenly. Or, root wisdom and post-attainment wisdom can also be capable of gradual subduing, since there is no case where the preparatory-engagement path can subdue suddenly.
Question: Does the preparatory-engagement wisdom (*加行智*) extend to the unconditioned (*無漏*) [category] or not? Answer: It does not. At the eighth bhūmi and above, there is no preparatory-engagement wisdom, and there is also no conditioned mind.
Question: If that is the case, why does *Duìfǎ* (*Abhidharmasamuccaya*) fascicle ten say: "The diamond-like concentration (*vajropama-samādhi*, *金剛心*) has two [kinds]: first, encompassed by the preparatory-engagement path; second, encompassed by the uninterrupted path (*ānantarya-mārga*)."? Answer: There is no contradiction. Because [the mind] — as an unconditioned mind — naturally and spontaneously proceeds into and enters root wisdom, it is called "the
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preparatory-engagement path" (*加行道*) — not the "preparatory-engagement wisdom" (*加行智*). The preparatory-engagement wisdom [properly understood] involves seeking and striving toward [the goal]; [what is described in the *Duìfǎ* passage] is merely the preceding preparatory-engagement path, not an [active] seeking and striving. Therefore, preparatory-engagement wisdom does not extend to the unconditioned [category]. Alternatively, there are two explanations, as in the commentary (*shū*) fascicle ten.
(Reference: [Latter section] fascicle 2 [13th folio, verso].)
Regarding "This [passage] reveals preparatory-engagement... not the wisdom of hearing and reflecting": "Preparatory-engagement wisdom can subdue gradually, while the other two wisdoms [i.e., root wisdom and post-attainment wisdom] can subdue suddenly" — within [the discussion of] gradual-versus-sudden subduing, the commentary presents two explanations. The first says: preparatory-engagement [wisdom] subdues gradually; correct wisdom (*正智*, root wisdom) and post-attainment wisdom subdue suddenly. The second says: root wisdom and post-attainment wisdom [both] generally can subdue gradually; there is no [case where] the preparatory-engagement path can subdue suddenly. The present passage now sets forth the first explanation.
Question: If the preparatory-engagement wisdom has only gradual subduing and no sudden subduing, then [at] the position of the highest worldly dharma (*laukikāgradharma*, *世第一位*), subduing the discriminative afflictions — this is precisely sudden subduing. How then can the text now say "only gradual, with no sudden"? Answer: From the gradual subduing of what preceded, when one finally reaches the last position, it is then called "sudden subduing" — it is not that upon reaching that point one further generates a separate wisdom to suddenly subdue those afflictions. Therefore [the two accounts are] not contradictory. As for "by means of this potency" and so forth: by means of the three wisdoms causing manifest [activity] not to arise — this is called "subduing" (*伏*). [The text here] is not [saying that] six-contemplation meditation (*六行*), which is characterized by rejoicing at higher [states] and loathing lower [states] (*欣上厭下*), constitutes a separate performance of the preparatory practice, which is thereby called "subduing." The intent here is to generally reveal that there are two [kinds of] "subduing": first, subduing by potency (*勢力伏*); second, subduing by deliberate preparation (*加行伏*). Direct observation (*現観*, *abhisamaya*) — [i.e., the path of seeing] — subdues only by potency, not by deliberate preparation. Simply when the path arises and is contrary to those [afflictions], those [afflictions] naturally do not arise — this is called "subduing." Six-contemplation meditation (*六行観*) and so forth subdue by deliberate preparation — because one generates a specific act of attention (*作意*, *manaskāra*) in order to subdue those afflictions. As for the six contemplations as the expedient means (*方便*) for approaching the noble path — these are the distinctions of the aspects of practice of the preparatory-engagement wisdom, not separate